Sexual harassment

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1. Introduction

Sexual harassment, which includes anything from drawing attention to an individual's body, causing embarrassment and demanding sexual favours, is a powerful discriminatory factor for anyone at any stage of their career. It is the conduct interferes with an employees work or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment. The victim as well as harasser of sexual harassment may be a women or a man. Differences in power or status can be a significant component in sexual harassment at workplace. Like many other countries in Bangladesh also men have the power in organization and professional life, while women are in subordinate position. This gender power discrimination causes sexual harassment where women who are powerless, are the main victims.

The European Commission offers a broader definition of sexual harassment as, "Sexual harassment" means unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, or other conduct based on sex affecting the dignity of women and men at work. This includes unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct. This conduct constitutes sexual harassment under three conditions the behaviour must be

Cheap University Papers on sexual harassment

a) Unwanted, improper or offensive

b) Refusal or acceptance of behaviour influences decisions concerning a job and

c) The behaviour in question creates a working climate that is intimidating, hostile, or humiliating for the person.

(European Commission, 11 cited in Timmerman and Bajema4. Emphasis added.)

In Bangladesh, the Suppression of Violence Against Women and Children Act of January 1, 000, for the first time made sexual harassment a criminal offence punishable by law. Section 10 () of the Women and Children Act states that, If a man in order to satisfy his unlawful sexual desire touch a sexual organ or any other part of the body of a women with his organ or by any other object, it will be considered as sexual harassment.(Siddiquer R M, June 000)

The consequences of unchallenged sexual harassment are to poison the organizational culture, both in the long term and on a daily basis. So, prevention is the best tool to eliminate sexual harassment.

. Methodology

The essay contains some case study in Garment Factories, Banks, NGOs and other business firms to find out the occurrence of different types sexual harassment where most of the information are collected from Internet and magazine. To make the policy of prevention it takes the help of several acts like European Commission, Women and Children Act, Civil Rights Act, Equal Pay Act from home and abroad. The information for these Acts are taken from books and URL.

. Background

Sexual harassment is not new, nor is legal remedies against it. It has been recognized for nearly 0 years as a form of sex discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 164 states that, sexual harassment is illegal to discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, age, national origin, and sex. Title VII of the Act prohibits employers from, among other things, discriminating on the basis of sex with respect to compensation, terms, conditions and privileges of employment.

Sexual harassment in employment has been defined as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct that enters into employment decisions and/or conduct that unreasonably interferes with an individuals work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment. This guideline identifies two forms of sexual harassment

(1) Quid Pro Quo harassment; and

() Hostile work environment harassment.

Quid pro quo harassment Loosely translated, Quid Pro Quo means something for something. where the harasser demands sexual conduct as a condition for receiving a tangible benefit. This type of harassment occurs when an employee is required to choose between submitting to sexual advances and losing a tangible job benefit. An essential aspect of Quid Pro Quo harassment is the harassers power to control the employees employment benefits. This kind of harassment most often occurs between supervisor and subordinate. A claim of Quid Pro Quo harassment must meet several criteria

o The harassment was based on sex.

o The claimant was subjected to unwelcome sexual advances.

o A tangible economic benefit of the job was conditional on the claimants submission to the unwelcome sexual advances.

In quid pro quo cases, the harassment consists of Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.(Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Guideline #11(a)). Here Unwelcome means that the person did not invite or solicit the advances. This is determined by an objective standard and not the claimants subjective feelings. However, there is no requirement that these requests be express demands for sexual favors like, some one says, Sleep with me, or you will be fired !!

Hostile work environment harassment Hostile work environment harassment is unwelcome conduct that is so severe or pervasive as to change the conditions of the claimants employment and create an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment where working environment becomes so offensive as to adversely affect an employees job performance.

There are several differences between hostile work environment harassment and Quid Pro Quo harassment. Hostile work environment harassment does not require an impact on an economic benefit. It can involve coworkers or third parties, not just supervisors. It is not limited to sexual advances; it can include hostile or offensive behavior based on the persons sex. It can occur even when the conduct is not directed specifically at the claimant but still impacts on his or her ability to perform the job. Three criteria must be met in a claim of harassment based on a hostile work environment

o The conduct was unwelcome.

o The conduct was severe, pervasive, and regarded by the claimant as so hostile or offensive as to alter his or her conditions of employment.

o The conduct was such that a reasonable person would find it hostile or offensive.

.1. Bangladesh perspective

According to statistics provided by Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) showed that among the garment workers across the country, women account for about 15 lakh. According to the 15-6 report of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, female labour force participation rate is 51 percent. Of this, 6 percent are engaged in agriculture-related works, 7 percent in service sector and 10 percent in industrial activities. The report bracketed about 1 million female workers within the age -group of 0 to 4 years. However, with more and more womenfolk coming to employment, harassment of women in their workplaces is mounting in Bangladesh. Women of all ages endure various types of harassment in offices and factories. Young and unmarried women are the worst victims. No doubt that most of that harassment committed are sexual harassment, even sometime raped.

Sexual harassment is commonplace in garment factories and women are threatened with dismissal if they speak out. The study conducted by Action Aid Bangladesh, a British NGO, estimates at least 0 percent of women workers were engaging in sex at the workplace where the harassment committed by their "bosses" and "security guards". Even the journey to and from the workplace is fraught with danger. Women workers run the risk of rape and harassment. Even the garment factories in EPZ female workers including children, are sexually abused by Bangali and foreign managers. Apart from being touched, hugged, kissed and being "Compelled to satisfy the sexual appetites" of management in factory offices, attractive female workers are pressed into service as escorts for foreign visitors and sexually assaulted in hotels or guest houses. Some are sent abroad for training but actually "to be used as sex-slaves".

The tales of harassment of women are not confined to the garment sector alone. It has been going on in almost all places, even at times in very reputed and respectable establishments.

.. Case studies

1. A student of Narayanganj Art Institute, Simi Banu lived with her parents and three siblings in Khilgaon, Dhaka. By all accounts, she was a vivacious, independent and outspoken young woman who was also talented and ambitious. Simi helped supplement her familys limited income by decorating wedding venues and working as a fashion designer for a firm. The nature of her work forced her to keep somewhat irregular hours, and she often returned home late (that is, after dark), and usually unaccompanied. Once she became a victim of sexual harassment. In her suicide note Simi wrote that the kind of harassment she had to endure was worse than being raped and left by the wayside. Simis crime was to be young, single and female, and out in public, unescorted, after dark.

Simi was not weak in a conventional sense. She was a strong, independent, and educated person who was aware of her rights under the law. She had sought advice from a womans organization. She threatened to lodge a case with the police. But as a working woman from a lower middle class background, she did not wield much social or economic power. The police not only did not protect her rights as a citizen, worker or woman but in the person of SI Bashar threatened to turn its frightening power against her. Local community assistance was not forthcoming either, it was firmly in favour of the boys from the mohalla. Her immediate family could offer little but moral support, and even that was withdrawn toward the end. In the circumstances, Simi could hardly take threats of acid attacks and possible harm of family members lightly. Simi intended her suicide to be interpreted as an act of protest and resistance, and a (desperate) means of capturing social attention. She ended her note by stating that hers was a sacrifice made to save other women from such an awful predicament.( Dina M S, March 00)

. In 10, a widow working as a typist in a well-known NGO was sexually harassed by her Directors Personal Secretary. When the matter became known, the secretary disappeared from the office. Consequently, she could not follow up any legal course against him. Neither she was helped by her office in this regard. Her colleagues only sympathised her. The woman who later gave birth to a boy child said, First I felt the brunt of physical abuse and now, the pain of an undestined mental agony. (Mahfuzur R and Rezaul K, February, 00 )

. Another female employee of the bank alleged that one day their Assistant General Manager (AGM) called her in his chamber on the plea of official work and then started talking about personal matters. Why dont you get married? Dont you have any biological demand? she quoted their AGM. (Mahfuzur R and Rezaul K, February, 00 )

4. Findings

The Bangladeshi law is fairly straightforward, and deals with the expression of inappropriate sexual desire and conduct. The current sexual harassment law in Bangladesh provides a point of departure, it says only about the physical assault but absolutely silent about the mental assault. But sexual harassment can be committed in both ways, physically and mentally. For the physical harassment our law has punishment but it has nothing against mental harassment. Our law is silent whether any propositions or request of any sexual nature, comments about victims body or any organ of the body, showing any video clips relating to sex, jokes or derogatory statements will be treated as sexual harassment or not.

In our country since there is no law for the sexual harassment in working place or "hostile working environment" the employers are free from any bindings and to follow the law. There is no rule or guideline for the employer that will be, followed both the employers and the employee. Many of the offices do not have their own "harassment policy". Many female workers are subjected to different kinds of harassment in the office. When any complaint is made to the higher authority, the punishment takes place only in transferring the person concerned to another department. Is this the solution to end harassment of women in workplaces?

The complaint procedure section of harassment policy is critical to successfully processing a harassment claim. An employee must know to whom she can go to make a complaint. Once the complaint is made, the employer must take action right away.

In our country, the rate of sexual harassment is very much high in the garments sector and thereafter in NGOs. Garments workers are often the victims of harassment because they are powerless? In a patriarchal society like Bangladesh's, female workers almost never discuss their sexual problems with outsiders because there will be a negative attitude toward them. Even they could attack by thugs. If they are harassed they just leave the factory without saying a word.

Men have power in organizations and professional life, while women are in subordinate positions. Men often see them as objects of male desire. The sexual exploitation of women by men occurs when men have direct power over women's conditions of work. This gender-power relation creates "gender discrimination" and that causes sexual harassment at workplace.

From economical point of view, "wage discrimination" also an issue for sexual harassment. In Bangladesh many garments, factories and constructional site it is a very common scenario that male labour/workers are getting more money than female labour/workers though they do same amount of work. This "wage discrimination" indirectly indicates that men are more powerful then women, which is a key reason why women are always targeted or victim of harassment.

Finally, sexual harassment violates our Fundamental Rights guaranteed by our Constitution. Part III of our Constitution; Article 8 (sec ) states "Women shall have equal rights with men in all spheres of the State and of public life." But unfortunately in real life women are neglected everywhere. Again, in Article (sec ) states "No citizen shall, on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect if, any employment or office in the service of the Republic." If this Act is valid in our country then there should not be any harassment at workplace. But unfortunately we are not aware of the Acts of our constitution.

5. Recommendations

Prevention is the best tool to eliminate sexual harassment. Implementation of law, Acts, policy making and ensuring fundamental human right for all citizens for a secured society are the basic necessary steps for prevention.

At present we have Suppression of Violence Against Women and Children Act 000 where in section 10 indicates two things namely touching of a female organ and improper attitude though improper attitude has not been defined. This Act provides rigorous imprisonment of not more than ten years and not less than three years and monetary fine for sexual harassment.(Siddiquer R M, June 000) The Act should be amended both in definition clause and punishment clause. This Act only deals with the physical harassment and absolutely silent about the mental harassment and about its punishment. So, we must implement such a law that will deals with mental assault too where punishment should be specific for specific type of harassment. Because we believe until and unless both physical and mental harassment is not included in the law, both prevention and punishment will be impossible.

Secondly, Every employer has to follow a Rule of Modesty or its own harassment policy. The policy should include a description of conduct that constitutes harassment; a statement supporting employees rights to complain about sexual harassment without retaliation and a description of how to make the complaint; and an explanation of the procedure that will be used to investigate a harassment complaint and the standards that will be used to evaluate it. The policy should make clear that the company will not tolerate harassment and that offenders will be penalized and claimants protected, and that fair and objective means will be used to achieve these goals. The policy should be posted and distributed to all employees if possible; at least, it should be posted prominently.

The single most effective action any company can take is for its management to set an example and to speak out clearly and authoritatively. The best policy and program can be undermined or even destroyed if company leaders speak jokingly or derisively about sexual harassment, or engage in behavior that sets a poor example.

Third, The complaint procedure section of harassment policy should not be critical to successfully processing a harassment claim. Once the complaint is made, the employer must take action right away. The employer should

1. Inform the claimant of her rights to recover for any injury, which may have taken place. These rights will vary from state to state. Employer's attorney can provide with current information regarding claimants rights in its jurisdiction

. Promptly investigates the claim with sensitivity, care and confidentiality.

It is very important that the investigator be neutral and not intimidating, and that they make clear their goal is to arrive at the truth, not slant it or cover it up. The investigator should thoroughly interview both the claimant and the alleged harasser to determine specific charges and responses to those charges.

Forth, in garment sector the main reason for conduct of sexual harassment is garment workers are powerless. If they protest the assault or claim for justice individually, they are not going to get that. Workers organization or labour union can be the solution of this problem. Union will work for the welfare of the workers, help the workers to establish their rights and claim justice for them. But the activities of this type of union should be in a peaceful way.

Fifth, equality of opportunity in employment is the only solution of "gender discrimination" in professional life. Employer should be careful about Equal Opportunity Acts written in Article of our Constitution (mentioned at the end of the Findings of this essay) and may not practice gender discrimination in the recruitment, promotion, transfer, dismissal, and retirement of employees.

Sixth, to remove "wage discrimination" from the working place we must implement Equal Pay Act (EPA) in our country. The act that requires male and female workers receive equal pay for work requiring equal skill, effort and responsibility, and performed under similar working conditions.

Finally, we must show our respect to our Constitution and follow the Articles specially, Article 8 & because these two Articles play indirectly an important role to stop sexual harassment from not only the workplace but also from the society.

6. Conclusion

Sexual harassment is an unwelcome and unwanted conduct of sexual nature. We must stop this sexual harassment as we are promised to create a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human right and freedom, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens. We have also guaranteed the right to life and liberty of all the people. Moreover, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) directs all the state parties to take appropriate measures to stop all kinds of discrimination against women. As a signatory of this International documents, we must follow some effective measures.

1. Siddiquer Rahman Miah. "Nari o Shishu Nirjaton Domon Ain abog Joutuk NirodhAin" Kamrul Book House, Dhaka, June 000.

. Dina M. Siddiqi. "Sexual Harassment and the Public Woman" Daily Star Weekly Magazine March 00.

. Mahfuzur Rahman and Rezaul Karim. "Harassment and hazards of working women in Bangladesh" The Daily Star 0 February 00. (www.dailystarnews.com/law/000/01/)

4. Mohammed Ziaul Hoque. "Sexual Harassment in Bangladesh Prevention and penalty" The Daily Star 7 October 00. (www.dailystarnews.com/law/0010/04/)

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Hamlet's undicovered country

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The Undiscovered Country

Nothing is certain but death. It is the only inevitability in life, the great equalizer, the future to which humanity grows, leans, reaches. Yet the fear of death is a constant one, universal and unavoidable. Hamlet deeply experiences this fear of death and it is in his most famous soliloquy that he voices his dread and confusion concerning this inevitable end, closer in time and mind perhaps, given his present circumstances. All the soliloquies in Hamlet, and indeed in all of Shakespeare's works, serve to characterize, and it is through this method of characterization that one is most clearly aware of the strengths, weaknesses and conflicts of the speakers. In Hamlet, the "To be or not to be" soliloquy fleshes out Hamlet's tragic flaw, illustrating the debilitating effects of fear on action. An intentionally ambiguous speech, this soliloquy is subject to numerous interpretations, each lending itself to a slightly different characterization of Hamlet. Whether Hamlet speaks of his own impending death, or his father's untimely one, depends upon the interpretation.

One interpretation of this speech is that Hamlet speaks of his father's death. Hamlet's meeting with the Ghost has brought the idea of a disagreeable afterlife into his mind. The Ghost speaks only fleetingly of his state in the afterlife, but what he says is potent and terrifying. He speaks of, "sulf'rous and tormenting flames" (1.5.6), being forced, "to fast in fires" (1.5.16), and tells Hamlet, "But that I am forbid/ To tell the secrets of my prison house, / I could a tale unfold whose lightest word/ Would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young blood, / Make thy two eyes, like stars, start from their/ spheres, / Thy knotted and combin᠗d locks to part, / And each particular hair to stand an end, / Like quills upon the fearful porpentine. / But this eternal blazon must not be/ To ears of flesh and blood" (1.5.18-8). It is not surprising that Hamlet should dwell on death and the afterlife after hearing these tormented words. His speech, following this interpretation, shows his obsessive concern for his father and his fear that a similar fate will be visited upon himself. He is terrified for his father, trapped in a fiery hell, and wishes to release him from that damnation. But he fears for himself as well and cannot move beyond his fear. Thus he is unable to act when faced with such a picture of death as painted by the Ghost. He fears that by acting he will be risking the terrible fate that his father has been dealt. He fears that by saving himself, he will be further damning his father. In order to free his father, he must act. But in acting, he risks being thrown into the terrible world his father inhabits. He is unable to move beyond this conflict and is hence paralyzed by uncertainty and fear. This interpretation characterizes Hamlet as a tortured man, unable to move beyond his grief, unable to act in the face of that grief, unable to reconcile thought with action because of his fear.

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"A Rose for Emily"

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Reaction Essay to "A Rose for Emily"

"A Rose for Emily" was written by William Faulkner, and published in 11. This story is about a single lady living in a rundown house, with only her Negro servant Tobe to count on. The town of Jefferson wants money for taxes, her place cleaned up, and to get rid of the nasty smell coming from her house. Although most of the town dislikes Mrs. Emily, a select few have respect for her. No matter what time of the day it is there is some new gossip being spread throughout the streets about Mrs. Emily. The town finds Mrs. Emily as a burden upon them all. In the end, they find Mrs. Emily not only to be a burden upon the town of Jefferson, but a murder too. Emily Grierson was demented, selfish, and well talked about in the town of Jefferson.

Mrs. Emily was demented in many different ways. When her father died, she refused to accept it. She kept the dead body for days, until the town said they were going to resort to law enforcement. Only then did she let them bury him. After this little incident, the town tried sending letters to Mrs. Emily telling her she needed to pay her taxes. After many attempts that led them nowhere, they sent two men to her house. After trying to persuade Mrs. Emily she needed to pay her taxes she replied, "I have no taxes in Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris explained it to me. Perhaps one of you can gain access to the city records and satisfy yourselves." (Pg ) After the men and her argued for several minutes she still concluded, "See Colonel Sartoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson." (Pg 0)

Hawkins

Not only was she demented, but also she was selfish. She made a trip to the druggist one day to buy some poison. She told him she wanted the best he had. Mrs. Emily told him she wanted Arsenic. The druggist replied, "If that's what you want. But the law requires you to tell what you are going to use it for." (Pg) Mrs. Emily did not reply, she just stared at him. The druggist sold her the Arsenic anyways. In this case, Mrs. Emily was being selfish because she would not tell the druggist what she was planning to use the poison for. She put his job in jeopardy without any second thoughts. Mrs. Emily felt as if she was better than everyone else. She thought she needed no reason for her actions, and acted as if the town owed her something.

Another example of her showing her selfish attitude was with Homer Barron. He was part of a construction crew that came to the town for a short time. Mrs. Emily and Homer hit it off from the start. For some reason they took a liking to each other. When it came time for Homer to leave Mrs. Emily was not very happy. She used the poison she bought at the druggist and poisoned Homer Barron so he could never leaver her house. No on in the town new what she did, they just thought that homer had left for good.

"Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town." (Pg ) The town loved to gossip about Mrs. Emily. Her every move was watched by the nosy towns people. It was as if she was in a movie and she was the main character. People tried to talk to her servant Tobe, but he just ignored them and acted as if he had nothing to say. The whole town new about her buying the Arsenic.

Hawkins

They all concluded saying, "She will kill herself." (Pg) The towns people also said it would be the best thing if she did kill herself. This showed that the town was tired of putting up with her and most everyone was ready for her to pass on.

In the end, she did die. The entire town came to her funeral. The men came for respectful affection for a fallen moment and the women just out of curiosity to see the inside of her house.

Mrs. Emily was like a landmark; no one could get rid of her. She was demented and very selfish, yet she lived a tragic life. Her only close kin, her father, died leaving her all to her self in a big house. She had a reason to be confused in the head. Over a long period of time she only was able to have two friends, one of which she killed. The other was just a black servant who she depended on. If Mrs. Emily would have moved on, and tried to make friends after her fathers death she might not of ended up dead so soon.

Hawkins 4

Work Cited

Faulkner, William. "A Rose for Emily." Literature An Introduction to Fiction, and Drama. Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia, eds. New York Longman, 00. 8-5

Please note that this sample paper on "A Rose for Emily" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "A Rose for Emily", we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on "A Rose for Emily" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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About The Birlings

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The play opens with the engagement celebration of Sheila Birling and Gerald Croft. The party takes place in the dining room of the bridal parents Arthur and Sybil Birling's house close to Brumley. The Birling family is very happy looking forward unto this marriage as a most ideal financial connection to the business rival Croft.

The celebrations are interrupted by the appearance of inspector Goole, who enters and confronts the participants with the unpleasant suicide of a young woman named Eva Smith. He tells that Eva Smith drank some disinfectant and died that early night in the infirmary . It becomes clear that there must be a connection between Eva Smith and the Birlings.

Eva worked in the Birling factory two years ago. She got the boot for being one of the ringleaders postulating a pay rise for the workers. The conversation indicates that every member of the party had some influence on Eva Smith's life and way of death . Mr. Birling fired Eva Smith, Sheila complained about her to her new employer at Milwards, a cloth shop for upper classed society, so Eva was dismissed and again without any work. Gerald Croft kept her as a mistress . When she wanted to get help from a charity committee, Mrs. Birling refused help. At last the Birling's son Eric got Eva pregnant and was not able to persuade her to marry him for his unripeness and weakness of character.

After the inspector left the house, the Birlings turned to the question whether the inspector was a real police officer or not. They investigate calling to the hospital, where Eva Smith should have been medicated and to the local police station to get some more information about the suicide of Eva Smith or about the police officer called Inspector Goole.

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But they ascertain that nobody knows neither Eva Smith nor Inspector Goole. Suddenly the older generation, Mr. and Mrs. Birling, denies every responsibility, they even reject the accusations with great easement and Gerald joins them. Only Sheila and Eric still feel guilty and seem to have taken some warning and lessons from the event.

At the end of the play a phone call reaches the Birlings, to announce that there is a police inspector on his way to the Birling's House to ask them some questions about the suicide of a girl that just died on the way to the infirmary after swallowing some disinfectant.

1.. Characterisation of the play's characters

1..1. Mr. Arthur Birling

Arthur Birling is a very rich Selfmademan. He owns a prosperous factory. He as a parvenu is married to a social higher classed wife, whose name is Sybil, who often tries to take some influence on his expressions and his acts. But he is the leading character of the family. They have got two children Eric and Sheila. He pushed the relationship between Sheila and Gerald Croft to an engagement, for he sees many advantages for his own position in society marrying his daughter to aristocracy and for his business, as Gerald is the son of his greatest rival Sir George.

Arthur Birling is a very arrogant capitalist and has an exaggerated opinion of himself. He thinks that everything that he says is true, even when time already has proven that he is wrong . This can be recognised in his statements either about the political developments preceding the first World War, as he claims that ... The Germans don't want war ..1 and that Russia ... will always be behindhand ..., or in his opinion about the Titanic as an absolutely unsinkable ship.

When the inspector arrives, Mr. Birling thinks that it's necessary to point out that he was .. an alderman for years - .. and ... lord mayor two years ago..4 and ... is still on the bench 51, suggesting to the inspector his superior local position in the society of Brumley . He also talks about his relationship to the Chief Constable trying to threaten the inspector and to take his influence on the inspectors interrogation. But the inspector does not follow suit, for he is quite not interested in Mr. Birling's influences.

While the inspector's examination, it becomes clear that, even though Mr.Birling tries to present himself as a very kind and fair employer, he takes money at any time and at any place he is able to. He points out that his workers deserve no more than national average pay.

As a matter of principle he fired every ringleader - also Eva Smith, even he has to admit that, though she was a very good worker in the factory .

He covers his guiltiness arguing that someone in his position has to pay attention to his own capital and that this results in certain responsibilities as to try for the highest possible prices and to hold low the costs, especially the wages.

Close to the end of the play, he begins to show remorseful emotions, but not about his part in Eva Smith's story of life, but about a public scandal and it's consequences for his public image.

A scandal would mean an extraordinary danger for his imminent knightship, that would rise him or higher to the social status of his wife and equal to the social status of his son-in-law's family Croft.

He also is obviously very sorry for he missed the chance to speak to the inspector alone in order

to bribe the inspector to get the situation under control ( ... perhaps you and I had better go and talk this over quietly in a corner... 6). This proves his capitalistic view of life. He thinks that his money is able to manage everything and that everyone has got his price.

Even in the situation when it becomes clear that his son Eric is a thief, a soaker and responsible for fathering a child to Eva Smith, he voices that he would have been able to manage things for Eric if he had come to him earlier.

It's to be seen that money has got the preferred position in his existence. He cares more about his money than he cares about his position of trust towards his family. He also doesn't care for his fellow men or about the harm he causes to other people because of this attitude.

He shows his real character at the end of the play, when he is sure that inspector Goole is no real policeman but just a fake. He leaves every shame and conscience far behind and is just pleased that nothing has happened in reality. in his opinion everything turns just as it was a few hours ago before the inspector arrived and he is glad that nobody stands between him and his knightship. He does not even once think about for what kind of ideals a knightship stands for and that already his deeds, his behaviour and his missing conscience are disqualifying him for this status. He is so triumphantly relieved that he jokes about the whole situation, the inspector's questions, and the other's reactions. But his panic returns when the telephone rings again and the whole story seems to happen again.

1... Mrs. Sybil Birling

Mrs. Birling is the mother of Eric and Sheila . She was born in a higher social class than her husband and shows more class consciousness than her husband. She speaks upper class English using an aristocratic vocabulary and expressions.

Mr. Birling tries to copy her style, but often uses short forms and nasty expressions of the working class. So she often corrects her husband's and her children's speech and behaviour, which proves that she obviously feels superior to the others.

She discriminates her staff and even the inspector in a very expressive way. It seems not be necessary to her to thank her cook as a member of a lower social class for the excellent dinner he made for them.

She often tries to put the inspector down using irony and sarcasm, in opposite to her husband, who uses the social posts he filled and his relationship to important persons to put pressure on the inspector. She thinks that she has got the authority to bias the inspector, as he starts to ask unpleasant questions to her family.

She as a member of a charity committee has the possibility to help the poor and everyone, who is less fortunate in life than her and demanding for help or benefits . She does not work in the committee to help others, but in order to feel and to savour the dimension of social cleft between her and those people who applied for benefits or help.

The interrogation brings out that she also is to blame for Eva Smith's way of life and sudden death, too. She did not only refuse giving help to Eva Smith as a member of the charity organisation, but exerted influence on the committee to let them deny any possible demand or help for Eva.

She is even more hard-hearted than her husband, for she knew all the circumstances of Eva Smith's life, being an orphan who was for a long time without any work or money, becoming one man's mistress and getting pregnant by an other.

She knew that Eva Smith sought for help, for she wanted to change her life and that she tried hard to get things under control . Anyhow Mrs.Birling managed to refuse help.

Mrs. Birling feels no blame about her misdeeds and thinks that she decided everything the way a woman in her social position should do.

She perfectly turns the story the way she needs to seem innocent of any involvement in Eva Smith's death ... you're quite wrong to believe I will regret what I did ...7I was perfectly justified in advising the committee not to allow her claim for assistance ...8 I accept no blame for it all..

She thinks that she knows her family very well, but later on it is clear that she ignored many important facts about the members of her family, as the easiest way to handle things is to ignore every hint of a problem.. She has to cope with the fact that her son Eric is on his way to become an alcoholic and is under suspicion to be a thief of the family's capital assets, too. And she has to make up her conscience that she contributed to the death of her first grandchild.

This realisation is able to move her emotions and she shows first signs of regret. but at the end of the play, after the inspector left the Birling's house, Mrs.Birling shares her husband's easement and enthusiasm about the inspector being a fake. She returns to her old character and proves that she is not able to take either a warning from the instructive situation, or tolerance, or sympathy.

1... Sheila Birling

At the beginning of the play Sheila is a very naive and unripe young woman. She decides on her life adapting to her parents opinion .That makes her subjected to her parents. She really is in love with Gerald Croft and does not see this alliance as a marriage of business as her parents do. She demonstrates her love in her jealous reaction about the spring and the summer before ,when Gerald Croft did not meet her frequently .

When the inspector starts the examination she finds herself deeply involved into Eva Smith's

fate. Being confronted with the inspector's photograph, Sheila is really shocked identifying Eva Smith .

Suddenly Sheila feels responsible for her deeds and behaviour .She starts thinking about the kind of person she is This starts the alternation of her interior attitudes. She is candid and admits that she was the customer who exerted her influence and initiated Eva's dismissal from Milwards where Eva worked after being fired by Arthur Birling. Sheila recognises that Eva was not guilty in that situation but her own bad temper was to be blamed. She even wanted her mother never to go shopping at Milwards again. That shows how immature Sheila was at that time, as she did not think about all sorts of consequences for Eva's life being dropped out of her job. Short time after that she felt guilty and bad about her behaviour and told her father the story to get some advice, but he expressed that it was an irrelevant occurrence.

She is afraid that she is the only one next to her father, who is responsible for Eva's death . But the inspector gives her some hints that she and her father were not the only ones to be blamed for Eva's death.

She shows compassion and sentimentality. She wants to turn back the time to change her behaviour. She matures in this situation. She fully accepts her guilt and learns about responsible behaviour .

Sheila shows that she took a warning from the past as she says that ... I will never, never do it again to anybody . 10.

After she recognises that Gerald Croft had an affair with Eva Smith, she starts thinking about the kind of persons she is going to live with. This starts the alternation of her exterior attitudes. She separates herself emotionally from the others.

Later on as the inspector left the house, she insists upon her guilt unattached to what the others say.

She remains calm, and refuses taking the engagement rings from Gerald to get some time to ponder things over. She separates from her parent's opinion and behaviour for the first time, and she recognises, that she is not able to accept her parent's attitudes . Sheila is amazed and concerned that her parents are not willing to learn anything from the situation.

At the end of the play Sheila underwent a drastic change in character . She was a immature, giggling woman, who allowed her parents to shape her life, but now she reaches strength of character. She gets independent and shows that she learned about her responsibility to others, who are less fortunate in life than herself. She develops compassion and sympathy for all fellow men, not only for her class of society.

Her willingness to learn from this experience is contrasting to her parents' behaviour. Only Eric joins her development, as it shows that the younger generation is more flexible and able to criticise and change itself.

1..4. Eric Birling

Eric Birling is Mr. and Mrs. Birling's son. He is a young and rich man working at his

father's factory. He is the heir of the Birling factory and plans to get a higher

responsible position in the factory until he will inherit . But he is still under his father's

control and oftentimes he is not able to suit him.

Mr.Birling Unless you brighten your ideas, you'll never be in a position to let

anybody stay or tell anybody to go. It's time you learnt to face a few responsibilities .

That's something this public-school-and-Varsity life you've had doesn't seem to teach

you. 11

Mr. Birling is not really prepared to divide the power in his factory, for that is the

key element in his self - comprehension.

Because Eric is not allowed to fulfil his job with the kind of responsibility he wants

to have, he does not want to adjust his private life to any responsibility. If there is

any problem he always turns to the most comfortable solution. That is the way he got

an alcoholic, to avoid to recognize with his superficial life, his dissatisfying work and

with his parents who are not able to give love, understanding and trust to him.

He shows real emotions, first of all sentimentality about the end of Eva's and his unborn

baby's life. And a bad conscience about Eva favouring suicide before marriage,

because she knew him being an alcoholic and a thief.

In fact he recognises that Eva showed more conscience and greater ability to look

through all facades of the Birlings' characters and behaviours than he was able to .

She decided to deny the money Eric offered her, for she knew it was stolen. She

recognised that Eric was an unripe young man, who was subjected to his father's

plans for his life.

Eric was not able to tell his parents about her pregnancy. He hid their relationship

and stole some money from the factory to give it to her .This made it plain to her, that she

should not marry him. She knew him being too weak to bear up the marriage against his parents and their attitudes about a lower classed daughter-in-law. That is why Eric is also to be blamed for Eva Smith's death.

He thinks that it does not matter whether inspector Goole was a real police officer, or

not. He thinks that the things turned out about himself and his family are more

important than the question whether this story may have serious consequences for the

participants, for example for his father losing his knighthood.

Sheila It doesn't much matter now, of course- but was he really a police inspector?

Birling Well, if he wasn't, it matters a devil of a lot. Makes all the difference.

Sheila No, it doesn't.

Birling Don't talk rubbish. Of course, it does.

Sheila Well, it doesn't to me. And it oughtn't to you, either.

Mrs Birling Don't be childish, Sheila.1

[...]

Sheila But it doesn't make any real difference, y'know?

Mrs Birling Of course, it does.

Eric Eric No, Sheila's right. It doesn't.1

In a way he joins Sheila's development in character, as he is able to criticise himself at

the end of the play, but his faults will haunt him for a long time I'm not likely to

forget.14

1..5. Gerald Croft

Gerald Croft is the son of Sir George and lady Croft an old country family. The Crofts also own a factory Croft Limited and they are business rivals to the Birlings. Gerald wants to marry Sheila Birling. It seems that next to love there are other reasons for this relationship, for example a very positive financial business-effect that two rivals of the past can merge with each other now. His parents are not participating the engagement party. Even though they tolerate Gerald's decision, they obviously think, that though Sheila comes from a very rich family, their son could have chosen better out of a higher social class .

In the beginning it is not clear whether Gerald is also to be blamed for Eva Smith's death, just like the others. But then the inspector says that Eva changed her name after her discharge from Milwards into the alias Daisy Renton. At that moment Gerald Croft gets really a shock. He has to admit that he met Daisy in a bar among prostitutes, which is not a place a man in love planning to marry ought to be. Gerald offered Eva/ Daisy to live in the apartment of a friend then. At first he just wanted to protect her, but he claims that it was inevitable for him to start a love affair with her.

She told me she 'd been happier than she 'd ever been before.15

But Gerald left her after a while and gave her enough money to see her through for the next time.

Gerald feels bad because it came out that he was unfaithful to Sheila and he worries about his reputation.

He is confused about Eva's death and wants to make up his mind by himself, in opposite to Sheila who acquaints her feelings to all the others.

In that case- as I'm rather more - upset - by this business than I probably appear to be - and - well, I'd like to be alone for a little while.16

When the inspector left the house Gerald investigates and finds out that there is no inspector Goole at the police office and that no young woman has died at the infirmary that night. Suddenly Gerald joins his parents-in-law's behaviour and easement about the news that the whole story is a fake. That shows he is not able to learn from his mistakes for. He easily ignores all sorts of consequences for his mistress / Daisy's life, who exists in reality as he confessed.

Gerald entirely gets rid of the unpleasant story and continues to feast after all that has happened. Actually he wants to give Sheila the engagement ring, as if he had never admitted

having had an affair with another woman.

1..6. Inspector Goole

Inspector Goole is a mysterious person. He doesn't work for the police, but he knows everything about the Birling family Birling and Gerald.

In the first act Inspector Goole interrupts the harmony of the family circle, which is a situation of man different emotions and great exciements. This emotional situation makes it more difficult for the others to deviate from the truth.

He starts to interrogate each person alone and one after the other. One line of inquiry at a time. Otherwise we'll be talking at once and won't know where we are. if you've anything to tell me, you'll have an opportunity of doing it soon.17 or later One line of inquiry at a time. Otherwise there's a muddle. 18 He decides to examine that way for he wants to let anyone know everybody's fault. He separates every interlocutor and makes the others criticise.

The inspector doesn't care about Mr. and Mrs.Birling trying to suppress him. He does not feel that the Birlings are outclassing him and he treats them as equals. He even sometimes uses irony or sarcasm, to shake the Birlings' self confidences and beliefs.

Mr.Birling We were having a nice little family celebration tonight...1 Inspector I was in the infirmary looking what was left of Eva Smith. A nice little promising life there I thought..0

Inspector Goole says he just wants to find out every influence on Eva Smith's life that led to her suicide. And that's why I'm here, and why I'm not going until I know all that happened1, but in reality he wants them take note of it, for he already knows everything of the past. He is no supernal person with supernatural abilities, but he seems to be omniscient and personifies everybody's conscience. He wants to make the family including Gerald aware of their faults.

The inspector makes all characters feel guilty for what they did to Eva Smith. But some of them only regret their behaviour for they fear some punishment, for example Mr. Birling is afraid of losing the knighthood or Eric is afraid of bearing the responsibility for his theft or Gerald fears not to become engaged to Sheila.

Near the end of the play the older generation hopes that inspector Goole had been a part of a fakery, but later on he seems to be a forerunner of reality. Perhaps he came to give every participated person a chance to admit their faults and guiltiness and to act dignified in the second examination .

At the end there has to be said that there is the possibility that the Inspector could have been showing each of them a different picture every time. That would mean that there had been different women treated like that. But as a matter of fact all participants should not only feel guilty for Eva Smith's death but for their faults treating other people.

I think Goole can be seen as the personified moral of the play. He carries the guilty conscience of all the characters and shows it to them.

Four different aspects carried by inspector Goole can be found in four different passages of the play

In the passage of the first act as Mr. Birling is in the middle of a speech to Eric and Gerald about a man has to make his own way - has to look after himself - and his family too. He is cut off when the maid Edna tells Mr. Birling that an Inspector calls to see him. This might be a secret message by J.B Priestly enunciating that we don't live to look only after our families and friends but should care about other people and their fates, too.

The inspector criticises the superficial behaviour of the upper-class against the working-class. He defends Eva's demand for a raise But after all it's better to ask for the earth than to take it. He shows in his behaviour that he is against the Birlings lifestyle of class distinction. He thinks the poor have any right to aim high and to require a better lifestyle

from those, who own the world and are not willing to divide .

There is another moral statement in the passage as Mrs. Birling puts every blame for Eva Smith's situation and way of death on the unborn baby's father. She thinks of Sheila as a kind of woman of the street without any morality. Later on she finds out that this irresponsibl man was her son Eric. And it becomes clear that Eva rejected taking the money that Eric had stolen and rejected marrying Eric even though she was in a tight squeeze. As a moral you could say something like Don't put the blame too far away, it might catch you again.

The last statement of Inspector Goole is including the main message and the most important warning which Priestley wants to make aware of

,,[...] We don't live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. Good night.4

This means something already written in the bible, you should treat others like you want to be treated and that everyone is responsible for his neighbour. It also means that there should not exist any social classes, that everybody is as valuable as another, and no one is superior to the other.

1.. About Priestley's plot and structure by using a description of the tension graph to show how Priestley led the reader to the climax of the play and the surprising end

This is a picture of the tension graph, which shows the the telephone rings evaluation of the tension of the story which the author J.B.Priestley used. You can see by the balloons what the story is about and you can see by the graph what emotional movement the audience goes through.

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Piercings

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Hi, I went on a Saturday after working midnight shift to have triple piercings done. I went to someon new because of his manner and also surprisingly he offered me a great deal since he was doing three at once. As it turns out I didnt have a very good experience. The pain wasnt so bad for either my tongue, my septum or my nostril initially. Afterwards my tongue did hurt a lot when I tried to talk or swallow. My swelling was minimal and I couldnt figure out what the trouble was. Well, after taking a good close look at my tongue I could see that it was off center, crooked and very near the front on the bottom. Hmph. I went back to my piercer to ask him and he apologized and said it was his fault for using the wrong forceps. He said he would repierce me again when I heal. So he took it out. Now its a day later and I have bruising on the front quarter of the right side of my tongue. That is where the barbell was on the bottom. The day before I went so he could have a good look at my tongue. Since Im a translator at work, (spanish/english) I told him it was important that it not be in front of the major bend. He also looked underneath and said it would be great because my two large veins were very obvious. Yet, unfortuneatly he came oh so scarily close to one of those veins. His manner was very nice his personality was very good but, either his skill was off that day or he wasnt paying enough attention but, the tongue ended up being a bust. The good thing is that I found out that it isnt nearly as painful for the peircing as I thought. Another good thing I found out is that if the clamp isnt too tight it seems that your swelling wont be so bad but, if the clamps are too loose your tongue could move like mine did and when my piercer turned to pick up the needle he didnt know that my tongue had moved so much. Its just luck that things didnt go worse than they did. He was a nice piercer and I dont want to take back the tip, he was trying his best but, I am going to go and talk to him tomorrow to see about getting a refund for the piercing cost. My suggestion is to pre agree on placement with a dot on your tongue above and below before the piercer picks up the needle. I have to wait four more weeks before I can have my tongue done again. This also goes for the nostril and the septum that I had done the same day by this piercer. I thought the septum was level and was happy but, knew that it was on an agle off my face, (kinda like a car off its fram heading to the right while the rest is moving straight ahead.) When I found out that I couldnt just train this twelve gague to go straight I had that removed also. Good luck, know your piercers skill and reputation as well as their personality. This piercer was very nice and believed in universal precaution. He wasnt just a hole poker or anything but, his skill needs some time to hone itself. More later after the next try. Im going to post in the nostril also because that was the third unlucky attempt that I had. Jennifer

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1984 George orwell part one

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Since the onset of the United States, Americans have always viewed the future in two ways; one, as

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Could the world portrayed in 184 ever really exist? This question haunts readers from the first to the last pages of Orwell's novel. Sadly, the answer is 'yes'; or at least Orwell hopes that readers will leave 184 accepting the possibility enough to question government and tread cautiousl

Since the onset of the United States, Americans have always viewed the future in two ways; one, as

the perfect society with a perfect government, or two, as a communistic hell where free will no

longer exists and no one is happy. The novel 184 by George Orwell is a combination of both

theories. On

The Impact of Stalinism in 184 Truly one of the greatest anti-utopian novels in history George

Orwells 184 is a nightmare vision into the future of a world controlled by totalitarianism

(Meyers 144). Through the character of Winston Smith, Orwell expresses his negative views on totalitaria

184 by George Orwell Outline Thesis Statement- This paper will examine how George Orwell wrote 184

as a political statement against totalitarianism. I Introduction II Summary of 184 III Roles of

major Charters A. Big Brother B. Winston C. OBrien D. Julia E. Shop owner George Orwell "184" 1.

Outline what the story is about George Orwell's "184" is a book about Winston Smith, a low-ranking

member of "The Party" which rules the nation of Oceania. The Party watches him everywhere through

devices, which are seemingly a combination of televisions, spewing mi

Could the world portrayed in 184 ever really exist? This question haunts readers from the first to the last pages of Orwell's novel. Sadly, the answer is 'yes'; or at least Orwell hopes that readers will leave 184 accepting the possibility enough to question government and tread cautiousl

Since the onset of the United States, Americans have always viewed the future in two ways; one, as

the perfect society with a perfect government, or two, as a communistic hell where free will no

longer exists and no one is happy. The novel 184 by George Orwell is a combination of both

theories. On

The Impact of Stalinism in 184 Truly one of the greatest anti-utopian novels in history George

Orwells 184 is a nightmare vision into the future of a world controlled by totalitarianism

(Meyers 144). Through the character of Winston Smith, Orwell expresses his negative views on totalitaria

184 by George Orwell Outline Thesis Statement- This paper will examine how George Orwell wrote 184

as a political statement against totalitarianism. I Introduction II Summary of 184 III Roles of

major Charters A. Big Brother B. Winston C. OBrien D. Julia E. Shop owner George Orwell "184" 1.

Outline what the story is about George Orwell's "184" is a book about Winston Smith, a low-ranking

member of "The Party" which rules the nation of Oceania. The Party watches him everywhere through

devices, which are seemingly a combination of televisions, spewing mi

Could the world portrayed in 184 ever really exist? This question haunts readers from the first to the last pages of Orwell's novel. Sadly, the answer is 'yes'; or at least Orwell hopes that readers will leave 184 accepting the possibility enough to question government and tread cautiousl

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Organizational Strategies Based on Products and Markets

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Organizational Strategies based on products/markets focuses on products offered and markets served. An organization using this strategy has four options available to achieve its objectives. It can grow in a variety of ways by concentrating on present or new products and on present or new customers. These four ways are Market

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Market Penetration Strategies These organizational strategies focus on improving the organizations present products with its present customers. Tactics used to carry out this strategy could include price reductions, advertising that stresses the benefits of a product, making the products more available, or using different packaging. Overall, market penetration strategies concentrate on improving efficiency of various functional areas in the organization.

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EX

1. snack products company trying to get its present customers to purchase more of its product.

. A bank trying to get its present customers to use their cards more often.

. Procter and Gamble used this by slashing prices on over 40% of its product offerings to stimulate consumer demand.

. Market Development Strategies Using this, an organization would seek to find new customers for its present products. Using this, companies must establish a foothold in the market, sometimes spending alot of money educating consumers why they should buy your product.

EX

1. an athletic company deciding to develop a line of fitness clothing for children.

. A automobile manufacturer deciding to sell automobiles in Europe because of a recent transition to a free market system.

. A govt. social service agency trying to get people who have never used their services before.

. Product Development Strategies With this strategy, the new products developed would be directed towards present customers

EX

1. A college developing programs for nontraditional students.

. A soft drink manufacturer developing a midcalorie or clear cola.

. A candy manufacturer offering fat free candy.

4. Diversification When a company seeks new products for customers it is not serving at present.

EX

1. A cigarette manuf. goes into real estate development.

. A cosmetic manuf. acquiring a baby care products company.

. a) What are the differences between the General Electric Portfolio Model and the Boston Consulting Model? Pages 5 to 7.

a. SBU can be a single product, product line, division or a distinct business

b. All portfolio models can be used to

i. Classify SBUs to determine - future cash contributions

ii. Future resource requirements

iii. Examine the competitive position of the SBU and the chances for improving the SBU's contribution to profitability and cash flow

c. BCG model classifies Strategic Business Units (SBU) in terms of

i. Based on the assumption that profitability and cash flow are closely related.

ii. Thus, relative market share and the growth rate of the market the SBU is in.

d. GE model emphasizes all potential sources of strength not just market share and all factors that influence the long-term attractiveness of a market not just growth rate.

. b) What are the workings of each model? Under what circumstances should each model be used? Use examples.

a. BCG

i. Stars high share or high-growth market

1. Attract competitors

. Cash users because they are growing and the firm needs to protect their market share position

ii. Cash Cows market leaders

1. Market not growing rapidly

. Cash generators of the firm

iii. Dogs low share of a high-growth market

1. Not large sources of cash

iv. Question marks low hare of a high-growth market

1. Great potential require great resources to build market share

b. Management must determine role 4 objectives

i. Build share sacrifices immediate earnings - promising question marks to become stars

ii. Hold share preserve the SBU's market share strong cash cows continue to yield large cash flow

iii. Harvest increase products short term cash flow w/o concern for long run impact weak cash cows, weak question marks and dogs

iv. Divest selling or divesting the SBU dogs, question marks cannot afford to finance for growth

c. GE all SBUs are classified in terms of

i. Industry attractiveness-made up of

1. Market size, market growth, profitability, cyclicality, ability to recover from inflation and world scope

ii. Business Strength

1. Market position Domestic market share, world market share, share growth and share compared with leading competitor

. Competitive strengths Quality leadership, technology, marketing and relative profitability

iii. Once classified placed on a grid

1. Priority A high in both industry attractiveness and Strength firm should build share

. Priority B Medium in ind attract and strength hold share

. Priority C low in both harvest or divest

4. What types of consumer buying situations are there? What type of information is searched at each stage? When is evaluative criteria set? What types of attributes are utilized in this analysis? Illustrate with examples.

Consumer Buying Situations

1. Extensive Decision Making

· Requires the most time and effort since the purchase involves a highly complex or expensive product that is important to the consumer (ex car, house)

· Consumers demand a lot of information about product to make the best choice

· Marketers should provide consumers factual info. that highlights competitive advantages

. Limited Decision Making

· More moderate but still involves some time and effort searching for and comparing alternatives (ex buying clothes go to different stores, compare brands)

· Marketers should use eye-catching advertising and in-store displays

. Routine Decision Making

· Most common type and the way consumers purchase most packaged goods

· Simple, inexpensive, familiar purchases (ex soft drinks, candy bars, soap)

· Usually purchase same brands w/o much deliberation, habitual purchases

· Marketers need to make products readily available for purchase in a variety of outlets and price them competitively, use celebrity spokespeople

Buying Process

1. Need Recognition

· Recognition of unsatisfied need; find out what needs and wants a particular product can and does satisfy and what unsatisfied needs and wants consumers have for which a new product could be developed

· Maslow's Hierarchy lower-level needs must be attended to before higher-level needs can be satisfied

o Physiological

o Safety

o Belongingness and love

o Esteem

o Self-actualization

. Alternative Search once need is recognized, individual searches for alternatives for satisfying the need. Sources to collect info. for a purchase

· Internal previous experience

· Group communication w/ other people

· Marketing advertising, salespeople, dealers, packaging, displays

· Public publicity, newspaper article, ratings of product

· Experiential handling, examining, trying product

. Alternative Evaluation consumer evaluates alternatives based on what he has learned

· information, perception, attributes, relevance, brand

4. Purchase Decision

· Make risk-minimizing decisions based on their perceived definition of the particular purchase (weigh possible consequences and uncertainties)

· Cognitive dissonance uncertainty in purchase decision the more info. collected by consumer prior to purchase, the less likely postpurchase dissonance will occur

5. Postpurchase Evaluation if a response does not satisfy the need adequately, the probability that the same response will be repeated is reduced.

Influences on consumer buying

1. Social Influences Culture, Social Class (during need recog./alternative search)

. Marketing Influences Product, price, Promotion, Place (during Alternative _Eval.)

. Situational Influences (during Postpurchase _Eval.)

5. Organizational markets have several characteristics that contrast sharply with consumer market characteristics. What are those distinguishing characteristics of organizational markets? Illustrate with examples.

Organizational consumers purchase for

· further production,

· usage in operating the organization, and/or

· resale to other consumers

Final (or ultimate) consumers purchase for

· personal,

· family, or

· household use

INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL MARKETS

· Producer

o manufacturers

o service producers

· Reseller

o wholesalers

o retailers

· Government

o federal

o state

o county

o local

· Institutional

o charitable

o educational

o community

o other non-business

DIFFERENCES IN ORGANIZATIONAL MARKETS

Organizational markets (Org MRKT) are different in nature from household consumer markets.

· Org MRKT can use goods for further production, operations, or resale. Household, or final, consumers purchase products for personal consumption.

· Org MRKT can purchase equipment, raw materials, and semi-finished goods. Household purchasers almost always purchase finished goods for personal consumption.

· Org MRKT demand is derived from that of final consumers. If you own a machine shop that makes bushings that are used in washing machine motors, then the demand for your products (bushings) is derived from final consumer demand for washing machines. If the economy is poor, and demand for washing machines is down, then so too will be the demand for washing machine motors and for the bearings that are used in them.

· Org MRKT can make items themselves. Competition in organizational markets comes not only from suppliers of similar goods and services, but can come from buying organization itself. If it is not happy with the supplier's goods, services, or delivery, then it can choose to make those products itself.

Question 6.)

The activities for the Maturity stage in the sales and profit opportunities are that the company would lower prices, have intensive distribution to get the product everywhere, have trade and consumer deals, such as coupons and discounts. For the product and service, the company would offer new features, new styles, or a different type of quality.(ex.campbells soup) This would increase the sales of the products. When adding new features or styles, company could reintroduce their products/services as "new and improved." In the market, the product/service should be repositioned to gain new markets and customers, and to gain new users of the product, or to gain more frequent users of the product (getting people to repurchase). In entering new markets, the product or service can be introduced for new users,- Examples of this are

Baking Powder not just used in baking, used for air freshener

Toothpastes companies have introduced whitening, tarter control, sensitive, ect… for different types of users.

Rogaine was first used for cholesterol, now used to grow hair

Johnson's Baby Shampoo- first just baby shampoo, then shampoo was targeted to men, and also the whole family (adult men and women)

The marketing strategy for a product in the maturity stage of the product life cycle use many of the same products that they have in their lines and uses Battle of the Brands, or Competition of the Brands.

The Product Life cycle is used to develop a marketing strategy depending on the industry, product, technology, and the market.

As products mature, profits for the initiating firm do not keep pace with the sales because of competition. The seller may be forced to "remarket" the product, which may involve making price concessions, increasing product quality, or expanding advertising and sales promotions just to maintain market share.

Mature Products also go through product rejuvenations where they are revamped to extend their life cycle. This increases brand recognition, enhances product offering, offering at lower prices, gives superior product and service quality.

Other examples of finding new markets

Bath+ Body works- aromatherapy product introduction, men's cologne

During this maturity stage, other factors used are penetration pricing, meeting competitions' pricing, intensive distribution to prolong maturity stage for as long as possible to try and reach everyone.

Information Found in handout on product strategies (/17/0)

In text pg6 (chapter 6)

Also may want to look at chart on pg 6 figure 6.

7. What are the bases for market segmentation? Which factors would affect the selection of bases? Illustrate with examples.

There are many different bases for market segmentation. Here is what the book had for examples of consumer markets. Geographic, Demographic, Social, Thoughts and feelings, Behavior, Combined approach.

1. Geographic

a. Continents

b. Global regions

c. Countries

d. Country regions

e. City, country, or SMSA size

f. Population density

. Demographic

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Family size

d. Family life cycle

e. Income

f. Education

g. Marital status

. Social

a. Culture

b. Subculture

c. Religion

d. Race

e. Nationality

f. Social class

4. Thoughts and feelings

a. Knowledge

b. Involvement

c. Attitude

d. Benefits sought

e. Innovativeness

f. Readiness stage

g. Perceived risk

5. Behavior

a. Media usage

b. Specific media usage

c. Payment method

d. Loyalty status

e. Usage rate

f. User status

g. Usage situation

6. Combined Approaches

a. Psychographics

b. Person/situation

c. Geodemography

Examples of this would be if you wanted to know how many people may buy baby food. Then you would look at the demographic base. You would use things like age and family size to see how many babies there are.

It is pretty much self explanatory in the way what ever you want to know about you would look at what bases have the information that you need. And then use it to make a decision.

8. Positioning strategy when an organizations target their customer market by positioning a certain product through different market segments.

· First crucial thing that needs accomplished is the determination of the consumer needs and wants.

For example a company like Verizon may seek more efficient methods for servicing consumer's long distance telephone needs.

Three important topics need to be considered next.

1. Prior segmentation approach is one in which the marketing manager has to decide on the appropriate basis for segmentation in advance of doing any research on the market. Post hoc segmentation is an approach in which people are grouped into segments on the basis of research findings.

. Relevance of segmentation dimensions or bases on which to segment particular markets. This can be determined from previous research, purchase trend, and managerial judgment.

. Choosing a basis for segmentation, which are several variables that represent some useful bases and categories, such as benefit and psychographics segmentation. Benefit segmentation is approach that benefits people in seeking certain products in the market. For example relating certain colors to certain products like in the bottled water industry with the color blue. Psychographic segmentation focuses on consumer personal attributes such as certain activities, interests, and opinions. Finally geodemographic segmentation does identify specific households within a market by focusing on local neighborhood geography (such as zip codes) to create classifications of actual, addressable, map able neighborhoods where people live and shop.

· Using decision-making tools with these segmentations are critical. One of the most popular and widely used tools is known as the "Values and lifestyles" test which is used in variety of companies such as SRI International located in California. This is a survey test of 4 lifestyle questions that place consumers in one of nine categories depending on the outcome. From there they can target different products based on the category.

· Another is called positioning mapping, which is a visual depiction of customer perceptions of competitive products, brands, or models. It is constructed by surveying customers about various product attributes and developing dimension and a graph indicating the relative position of the competitors. Figure 5-6 on page 80 in the test has a great example.

. What are the three segmentation alternatives? What type of marketing strategy is used for each alternative?

Thee three market segmentation alternatives that are available are mass marketing, concentrated, and differentiated marketing. (Page 8)

1. Mass marketing involves

§ Lack of differentiation

§ Very broad range of consumers

§ Limited number of products under one brand for many types of consumers

§ One popular price range

§ Use all possible outlets of distribution

§ Use mass media promotions

§ Appeal to various types of consumers through a uniform marketing program

§ Creates the largest potential market which leads to lower costs

§ Hard to create a simple product for all markets

§ EX. Henry Ford Model T Black Cars

. Concentrated marketing involves

§ One well defined consumer group

§ One brand tailored to one consumer group

§ One primary price range tailored to the consumer group

§ Use all suitable outlets of distribution

§ Use all suitable medias for promotion

§ Appeal to one specific consumer group through a highly specialized marketing program

§ Focuses on specific subgroups

§ EX. American Express Gold Card, or Corporate Card

. Differentiated marketing involves

§ or more well defined consumer groups

§ Distinct brand for each consumer group

§ Distinct price range for consumer group

§ Use all suitable outlets or distribution-differs from segment

§ Use all suitable media for promotion-differ from segment

§ Appeal to or more distinct market segments though different marketing plans catering to each segment

§ EX. Hotels-business travelers, or families, or other

10. What is a total product concept? How do companies use different

components

of this for strategy development purposes? Illustrate with examples.

A total product concept is everything that adds value to a sellers

offering. A seller usually starts out with a generic product or service, from this

generic product or service the client expects some level of service from the

product after it is bought. Sellers then try to figure out how to augment the

product or service. The next level is intangibles, what can the seller do that

is above and beyond the buyers expectations.

The four levels of total product concept are

-generic product

-clients expectations from product or service

-product augmentation

-intangibles

Anyone can sell a generic product once, but it is the other three

levels that

keep a customers coming back. For example, if you bought Energizer

batteries for your camera and they stopped working an hour later, you would

probably not buy Energizer batteries again. The Energizer batteries did not pass

stage #, they did not meet your expectations. The higher up the list a seller

is willing to go, the more likely that chances are that buyers will come

back to buy again. The next time you buy batteries you decide to buy Duracell.

These batteries exceed their expectations and Duracell has taken the time to

send you coupons for your next Duracell purchase. Why would you buy anything

else?

11. How does integrated marketing communications work? How do various

promotion tools contribute to the purchase of a beer product?

· Integrated Marketing Communications Marketing communications program that coordinates and integrates all elements of promotion so that the organization presents a consistent message.

· The elements of promotion are advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and publicity.

· IMC seeks to manage all sources of brand or company contacts with customers.

· Potential buyers go through a process of

1. Awareness of the product.

. Comprehension of what it can do and its important features.

. Conviction that it has value for them.

4. Ordering on the part of potential buyers.

· Marketing communications tools must allow buyer to experience the stages (see page 11, figure 8-1 for a chart).

· Implementation of Integrated Marketing Communications is difficult because

o Internal "turf" battles within organization.

o Reluctance of advertising agencies to broaden role beyond advertising.

Promotion Tools Contributing to the purchase of a beer product

· Advertising

o Any paid form of non-personal presentation of ideas by an identified sponsor that can reach large numbers of people and persuade them.

o Strategic device for gaining competitive advantage in market place.

o Example - Beer Commercials

· Sales Promotion

o Media and non-media marketing pressure applied for a predetermined, limited period of time at the level of a customer in order to stimulate trial, increase consumer demand or improve product availability.

o Examples of Sales Promotions aimed at final consumers

Ø Contests

Ø Coupons

Ø Aisle Displays

Ø Samples

Ø Banners and Streamers

Ø Sponsors

1. Distribution Coverage Required Because of characteristics of product, the environment needed to sell the product, and the needs and expectation of the potential buyer, products will vary in the intensity of distribution coverage they require. Distribution coverage can be viewed along a continuum ranging from intensive to selective to exclusive distribution.

· Intensive Distribution when the manufacturer attempts to gain exposure through as many wholesalers and retailers as possible. Products with low unit value and high frequency of purchase and convenience such as your every day products. (Food, cosmetics).

· Selective Distribution is when the manufacture limits the use of intermediaries to the ones believed to be the best available in a geographic area.

For example large appliance or clothes such as General Electric would use this.

· Exclusive Distribution is when manufacture severely limits distribution, and intermediaries are provided exclusive rights within a particular territory. The determining factor here would be the characteristics of the product. Retail paint stores are an example of the distribution arrangement.

Product life cycle is made up of four stages introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Staying focused on the distribution channels of this cycle. The first stage, which is the introduction stage there is normally a limited number of channels mostly due to the early life of the product and promotion. The growth state has a growing number of channels to meet the increasing demand of the consumer. Next is maturity state where sales and total market profit peek out, so this is giving more incentive to the resellers. Last state is known as decline that is pretty much self-explainable. This is decrease in channels and time to decide on possible new product features, new markets, or new uses. The overall usefulness of the product life cycle concept is primarily that it forces management to take a long-range view of the marketing planning.

1. What are the differences between cost and demand-orientated pricing strategies? Illustrate with examples.

Cost based pricing begins with the costs and works towards the selling prices. The price of the product must cover costs of production, promotions, and distribution plus a profit. In cost based pricing a standard markup is made to the cost of the product. This is the simplest pricing method that is available. Cost based pricing ignores both demand and competition. There are three common forms of cost based pricing. They are markup pricing-a percentage is added to the retailers invoice to determine the final cost. The next method is cost-plus pricing-costs of producing a product are totaled and a profit amount is added. The last method is rate of return or target pricing-price is determined by adding a desired rate of return to the total costs.

Product-cost-price-value-customers

Ex. Pharmaceutical products

Demand-orientated pricing begins with the selling price and then works towards the cost. The final price is obviously affected by the demand for the product. There is a relationship with what people will pay for the product. If the product is not very popular a lower price is set. However, if the product is popular a higher price is set.

Customer-Value-Price-Cost-Product

Ex. Beanie Babies

-

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Nevermore lingers forever

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Edgar Alien Poe is a mystery, a madman and a genius. He has a unique and penetrating insight into worldly life while his works were criticized to be narrow and unhealthy. He was censured and sullied by his American contemporaries while he enjoyed great respect and welcome in Europe. Being a controversial figure in American literature, he deserves our further study to interpret his inner world and his literary realm.

In Poes theory, poetry is the highest literary form and its goal is to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader. He says, beauty aims at an elevating excitement of soul and beauty of whatever kind, in its supreme development, invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. So he spares no effort in exploring and creating his ideal poetry. In his critical works The Philosophy of Composition and -The Poetic Principle-, he defines true poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty, and declares, music is the performance of the soul, or idea, of poetry. His poetic theories are illustrated in a series of excellent poems To Helen, Israfel, The City in the Sea etc which are still popular today. Of them. The Raven, which is one of the most romantic and endurable poems, is probably the best representation of his poetic principles.

The Raven took him four years in composing and was finished in 1844.In this poem Poe reveals his superb skill in employing music and color, rhythm and imagery, mood and consciousness. He discusses the creative process behind the poem in The Philosophy of Composition. No one point, in its composition is referable either to accident or intuition, Poe claimed. The work proceeded, step by step, to its completion with the precision and rigid consequence of a mathematical problem. Poe claims he wrote the poem by first deciding on the effect he wanted, then determining length and tone before considering subject or theme. He arrived at his theme throughthe conviction that since the most poetic effect was beauty, the best tone to achieve it melancholyand the most melancholy occurrence is death, and then the most poetical subject is the death of a beautiful woman. He arrived at his characters after deciding that for the sake of his effect the single word nevermore would be his best refrain. It then followed that a single word could best be repeated by a parrot-or raven, and the death of a beautiful young woman best lamented by her bereaved lover. Poe choicely sets the story in a weak and weary snowy midnight. The young man sits in the chamber where he and his lost lover dated before. Poe thinks that the chamber is more infectious than the forest or the wilderness. The familiar setting is more easily to intrigue the good memory of the past amorousness and love. Meanwhile, he stresses on the details, dying ember, sad, uncertain purple curtain, bleak December, and so on, which all serve to establish the gloomy and dreadful atmosphere of the poem.

Since poetry is, according to Poe, the rhythmical creation of beauty, the only valid province of the poem is that of beauty. There is nothing more dignified than a poem which is a poem and nothing more-this poem written solely for poems sake. He is opposed to the heresy of the didactic and calls for pure poetry. Poetry does not have to inculcate a moral, it has only to be, the artistry of poem lies not in what is being said but in the way it is said. He insists on an even metrical flow in versification. He says that a poem should be neither too long nor too short. Since a unity of impression is desired, a poem should be long enough to achieve an effect but short enough to be read in one sitting. -The Raven is a marvel of regularity and brevity .W. L .Wemer records that, of its 71 complete feet in 108 lines, 705 are perfect trochees, ten doubtful trochees and only four clearly dactyls. We may quote the first stanza from the poem to serve as an illustration.

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Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,

Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore-

While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,

As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door-

Tis some visitor, I muttered, tapping at my chamber door-

Only this and nothing more.

The structure is extremely regular the first line is eight feet, the second line seven feet and a half, the third eight feet, the forth seven feet and a half, the fifth line seven feet and a half, the sixth three feet and a half which is a repetition. The whole poem does exactly the same pattern

Please note that this sample paper on Nevermore lingers forever is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Nevermore lingers forever, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Nevermore lingers forever will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Life

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The ABC's of An Education

"A Homemade Education" by Malcolm X reveals a lot about education through a very unconventional method of receiving an education. He proves how valuable assets such as reading, writing, and determination, are in obtaining an education. These three elements are also precious because of the distance it has taken me so far.

Reading is the single fastest method that a single person can receive information. In turn, it is also a vital part of education and learning as a whole. One can not get through formal education without at least reading on a high school level. But there are other ways of obtaining an education other then the formal school system as shown by Malcolm X in "A Homemade Education", Malcolm X would read the dictionary, which helped him increase his vocabulary, compared to his prior knowledge of only street jargon and slang. When he opened the door to this untapped resource he never looked back to his former way of living.

But Malcolm X did not just stop at reading the dictionary. He would go on to transcribe the words that he read to paper. Writing along with reading is a crucial component of education. For if one can not write what one has learned, it will be extremely difficult to share that information with others. I, as like Malcolm X find it easier to absorb information by putting it down on paper. That way it is easily accessible when needed and it will be a staple in my mind because of the work I had to do to get it on paper.

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Though reading and writing are major components of education they pale in comparison to the importance of determination within education. Without a drive to learn and an openness to new information, a person's mind cannot fully receive a proper education. Malcolm X knew a lot about determination because of his willingness to leave the streets of Harlem. After years of prostitution and selling drugs he did not want to continue that lifestyle much further. It is sad that being institutionalized would be the cause of the turnaround in his life. He started by writing down the entire dictionary. His determination was on display as he wrote down every word in his first step of leaving the criminal lifestyle he once led. Though, I do not have the determination that a young Malcolm had, I do have a drive to be successful and to be the best student I can be.

In conclusion, there are many pieces that make up the puzzle education. Reading, writing and determination are easily the most crucial pieces and without those Malcolm X could not have become the success he became and I could not become what I am today. And if I do not keep these components intact within myself, the road ahead may be bumpier then was expected.

Please note that this sample paper on Life is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Life, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Life will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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