Gough Whitlam Dismissal

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Account for the ways Whitlam, and various Australian historians have changed the way they write about the 175 Whitlam dismissal

Over the past few decades, Gough Whitlam, and various Australian historians have continually debated, deliberated, and interpreted the dismissal of Gough Whitlam in 175. When the many various interpretations of the 175 dismissal are being assessed, one must take into account the personal contexts of the writers, their motives for their writing, who they are directing their writing towards, and for, and various other factors that can affects the way in which they create history. Over the past thirty years, the Whitlam debate has progressed from the post-dismissal debate, to the 'contemporary Whitlam debate', which are both linked by the constitutional opinions surrounding historian's interpretations of events.

An overview of the Whitlam rise to Prime Minister, and the dismissal of his government in 175 is not a simple task to undertake. The Labor Government had been elected on December 17 after years of Liberal/Country Party coalition rule.

Whitlam originally took office, determined to "employ an extensive program of developments within Australia. His loyalty to the 'program' resulted in Whitlam and his deputy, Lance Barnard, running a two-man government from December 5th to 1th, 17, after which the full ministry took office. Following an attempt by Whitlam to assign the previous leader of the Democratic Labor Party, Senator Vince Gair, as Emissary to Ireland, the Opposition Leader, Bill Snedden, threatened to force an election by blocking Supply in the Senate. Whitlam reacted by calling a double dissolution election for 18 May 174, at which the government was returned. The crisis brought up a number of fundamental inquiries about Australian democracy, and concentrated on a discord between Whitlam and Fraser over the rights of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Whitlam declared the supremacy of the House of Representatives, and his entitlement to govern so long as he maintained a majority there, while Fraser asserted that a government deprived of Supply by the Senate should resign. This was a fundamental dispute about how Governments should be chosen. The conflict also demonstrated the significance of constitutional conventions in the Australian political system.

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The Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, took an active concern in the crisis, discussing with both Fraser and Whitlam at different stages after October 15 the predicament at hand. At one point, Fraser offered to pass Supply, as long as an election was convened by the middle of 176. It is now known that Kerr sought the advice of Sir Garfield Barwick, the Chief Justice of the High Court. Barwick and Kerr met on Sunday November and Barwick endorsed Kerrs decision in writing the next day.

On November 11, 175, Whitlam proposed calling an immediate half-Senate election, but the Governor-General rejected this advice and instead dismissed Whitlam from office. Later, Kerr issued a statement of reasons for the dismissal. Fraser was offered a commission as caretaker Prime Minister which he accepted, and immediately sought a double dissolution election for 1 December. In the meantime, the Senate passed the Supply Bills, with the Labor senators unaware that their government had been dismissed. The House passed several motions of confidence in the Whitlam Government and instructed the Speaker, Gordon Scholes, to relay this to Kerr. The Governor-General refused to see the Speaker until after he had dissolved the Parliament. Scholes subsequently wrote to the Queen and received a letter in hich the Queen indicated there was no place for her involvement in an Australian political conflict. At the ensuing election, Frasers conservative coalition was resoundingly elected

Over the past few decades, Australian historians have constantly debated about the reasons for the Gough Whitlam's dismissal in 175. A reformist as Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam had led his Australian Labor Party to victory in 17, returning the party to office after an absence of years. He had introduced a broad programme of social reforms, including measures to end restrictions on nonwhite immigration into Australia and other policies designed to improve relations with neighbouring Asian countries. However, his parliamentary lead fell against an environment of deteriorating economic circumstances. In 175 his administration was deadlocked, and his rejection to call elections led Sir John Kerr, the governor-general of Australia, to dismiss him "a controversial decision and the first time in two centuries that the Crown's right to remove elected ministers had been used."

When examining the historiographical aspect of the Whitlam dismissal, one can ascertain two details that Whitlam himself is a major contributor to this study, and that conversely, outside sources are what make up the bulk of the historiographical debate. When studying the Whitlam dismissal, there is a plethora of external sources and materials that originate from somewhere other than someone's recollection or unequivocal familiarity. These external sources often structure what is believed to be solid evidence in an argumentative research essay. These sources consist of, but are not restricted to, books, magazines, academic or professional journals, radio and television shows, films, and the testimony of experts.

Historians can note that Whitlam's own interpretation of the dismissal has differed over time. Although clearly he is a highly biased source, his works immediately pertain to this essay, as he has written numerous books and articles about the dismissal, and was directly involved in the issue.

In Whitlam's first book (subsequent to John Kerr's dismissal of the Labour Government in 175) titled 'The Truth of the Matter ', one can note that the highly probable motive for Whitlam writing the book is to validate his own actions that led to the dismissal of his government; and furthermore, to argue against the decisions of Sir John Kerr. As a researcher, awareness of any biases must not be considered superfluous in Whitlam's case. If one ignores consciousness of any obvious biases, one's argument may end up being undermined by them. Gough Whitlam's own historical, and historiographical interpretation of the events of November 175, while bias, set about a precedent for fueling the post-dismissal debate. His first book, 'The Truth of the Matter' is radical, mainstream, moderate and 'in-your-face'. This alludes to the fact that he is aiming his book towards a large variety of readers, and that he is trying very hard to gain supporters for his argument. Usually, if one can attain the same information from a more conservative source, it may have a greater effect on your audience, except in the case of Whitlam, as his own personal interpretation of the events was one which the public, and academics alike desired his opinion.

In 'The Truth of the Matter' Whitlam makes aware to the reader in the opening preface that the actions of Sir John Kerr in November 175 were both "avoidable" and "unwarrantable". This sets the tone for the entire book, which not surprisingly concentrates on the reasons why Kerr's actions were preventable and not necessary. Whitlam uses his own individual knowledge of the dismissal to inform the readers as to how, and why he should not have been removed from office. He examines the constitution, the reforms of his government, and possible conspiracies against his leadership to show that the reasons for his dismissal were anything but his own fault. Thus, the reader takes this book as being motives, validating in nature.

As previously explained, Whitlam's own interpretation of the 175 dismissal has changed, and progressed over time. When Whitlam published his second book, he concentrates more on the "…things that [he] achieved while Prime Minister". The book, was simply titled 'The Whitlam Government', and it detailed and highlighted in much more detail than his previous book, the many things that the Whitlam Government achieved, while in office. Thus, a critique of Whitlam's could today deduce that Whitlam may have decided to produce yet another book, so soon after his previous one, once he had eventually put the dismissal 'behind him'. The focus of this book is not the dismissal, like the previous book, but rather his achievements as Prime Minister. This book therefore, superfluous to say, is written with a differing motive. Whitlam quite clearly is moving away from dwelling on the events of 11th November 175, as his previous book concentrated on this, and rather deliberate on the positive nature of his leadership. In addition, it is also quite fair to assume that Whitlam may also have been trying to distance himself from the stigma of being the controversial Australian Prime Minister to be dismissed by the Governor-General, and towards what he probably desired to be remembered for as a reformist.

For the next fourteen years, Whitlam did not produce any more books, but still remained well versed in Australian politics. In 17, he brought out his most recent book to date 'Abiding Interests'. This book is extremely significant in the Whitlam debate, as it utilises up-to-date references to argue from a retrospective perspective issues and achievements throughout the duration of his leadership, and for the initial two chapters, the dismissal (or "coup de tat" as he claims).

This book has fueled the new 'Contemporary debate' that now exists concerning the Whitlam dismissal. The reason for this is that in 'Abiding Interests', as the name suggests, Whitlam has not completely put the dismissal of his government behind him; he still has permanent and unshakable opinions on the subject. Thus, historians now are beginning to return to many sources-some of which are primary and some secondary, and re-assess and re-evaluate them. The Contemporary Debate argues that Whitlam himself should not merely be remembered for his dismissal from government, but rather for the many things that he achieved as leader of Australia.

Whitlam has himself; significantly contributed to the historiography of his own dismissal-because he has fueled, and initiated various interpretations of his dismissal from government, and his time in office. Conversely, the writings of the late Sir John Kerr, the man who dismissed Whitlam from government, is an important source to juxtapose against Whitlam's, because both have similar motives to validate, and justify their political positions.

John Kerr found it necessary to "…find a democratic and constitutional solution to the current crisis which will permit the people of Australia to decide as soon as possible what should be the outcome of the deadlock which developed over supply between the two Houses of Parliament and between the Government and Opposition parties." The only solution Kerr felt was consistent with the constitution and with his oath of office and responsibilities, authority and duty as Governor-General was to terminate the commission as Prime Minister of Gough Whitlam, and to arrange for a caretaker government able to secure supply and willing to let the issue go to the people.

It is no surprise to historians that Kerr is arguing what he is-he is merely standing up for the position that he took with regards to the 175 dismissal of Gough Whitlam. In the book, 'Matters for Judgment An Autobiography' Kerr explains further that "The decisions I have made were made after I was satisfied that Mr Whitlam could not obtain supply. No other decision open to me would enable the Australian people to decide for themselves what should be done." However, although Whitlam's own interpretation of the events that transpired have somewhat progressed over time, in the 16 years after the dismissal, not once before his death did Kerr back down on his stance that he took. He felt that it was in "Australia's best interests", and it was "necessary, to break the deadlock." On the other hand however, the fact that Kerr died in 11 has meant that there has obviously been no difference in interpretation over the past 1 years.

Newspaper and magazine articles from the past twenty-eight years are also a large source of information for historians of the modern day studying the Whitlam dismissal. An article taken from the day after Whitlam was dismissed as Prime Minister , written by Christopher Sweeney, shows the sudden shock, and impact that the dismissal had upon Australian society. Although Sweeney had not attained specific training in the topic, Sweeney was an expert journalist writing for the general public and he had/has devoted his career to writing about political issues. The article shows that at the time of the dismissal, historians were already beginning to formulate arguments; the pro and anti Dismissal Debates.

After studying this article, one can compare and contrast it with another article that was written at a later date this allows comparison, and enables the researcher to scrutinize how the interpretations differ between the two.

An article written in December 00 , by political analyst John Warhurst provides a different view of the 175 Whitlam dismissal. Warhurst, with the benefit of hindsight, and the ability to observe the many sources that have surfaced over the years, is able to provide a far more comprehensive insight into the Whitlam debate. Furthermore, due to the writing being produced recently, it will also have been somewhat influenced by the Contemporary Whitlam Debate, that argues Whitlam should not be stigmatized with being remembered for his dismissal from government, but rather to attain credit for the many things that he had achieved as leader of the Federal Government.

The final source that will be analysed in this essay is a journal written by Sir David Smith, a renowned scholar on the Whitlam dismissal, and debate. Smith claims that

"the history of l75 has so far been written, not by the victors, as is usually the case with the writing of history, but by the vanquished. That is why I said at the beginning of this address that our Constitution was not only at risk from political and administrative action, and imaginative judicial interpretation, but that it was also possible to subvert it by misrepresenting the meaning and the significance of action taken in accordance with its provisions. This, I believe, is yet another area in which members of The Samuel Griffith Society must take an interest if we are to achieve the purposes for which this Society of ours came into existence."

This journal does have its advantages over other books and articles that have been written over the past three decades. Journals and Magazines are typically more current than books, often making them a better source of information. By the time a book reaches the shelves of a library, it may be as much as two or three years behind current scholarship on the topic. Hence, the scholarship above is extremely current, as it was published in 00. Although for the purposes of this essay, this historian attained the journal from the World Wide Web, it has also been published in various universities in Australia . Sir David Smith is a monarchist, and therefore it is important to note it affects the subject matter that he writes on. He is "extremely protective" of the Australian constitution, meaning that his work will be focused on examining the constitution, summarizing his own constitutional position.

As illustrated, Gough Whitlam, and various Australian historians have differed in their interpretations of the 175 dismissal over the past thirty years. The Whitlam debate has developed from the post-dismissal debate (when the dismissal occurred), to the 'contemporary Whitlam debate' (the debate today). Both are inextricably linked by the constitutional opinions surrounding historian's interpretations of events, and this in turn influences why people's writing of the Whitlam dismissal have changed and progressed over time.

Please note that this sample paper on Gough Whitlam Dismissal is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Gough Whitlam Dismissal, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Gough Whitlam Dismissal will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Communism VS Capitalism

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In 11, Joseph Stalin attempted to catch up to Western Europe, which he felt was a century ahead of his Soviet Union. Also, communism allowed Stalin to avoid relations with neighboring nations, whom he had just fought in WWI, by keeping his country self-sufficient. His first approach was to convert the small farms to state-run agricultural facilities, in order to provide enough food for the entire nation (Lowenthal p 7). To do so he had to go against the peasant class which ran these farms. Although he managed to move most of the peasants to collective farms, many destroyed their agriculture in protest, and millions of citizens starved. For his countrys industry, Stalin set up what was known as the Five Year Plan. A board would set up a target goal for each company, now all state-owned, and the company would have to meet that target in production within five years. Failed attempts to do so could result in imprisonment in work camps or even execution. Since money is one of the most essential measurements of success and stability, the two forms of government have their own planned approaches to dealing with employment, trade, and spread of wealth. Quickly, care for quality products diminished, and production rose by thousands of percents (Brian, p 7). So much attention was being paid to improving the nations industry that necessary items were being under-produced. While average income rose, and the Soviet Union found itself quickly catching up in European industry, we still see today the great poverty that communism often brings to its citizens (Lowenthal p 1) .

Poverty is one of the greatest downfalls of failed communism. While ideally, all the citizens are working together and sharing equal wealth, in actuality the deindividualization that the government enforces destroys work ethic and motivation. The results are low morale, unproductive workers, and low quality goods. Citizens of a communist nation see no personal gratification in working for the community, as their hard work yields the same rewards as a neighbors laziness. This apathetic attitude often spirals into a failed economy (Brian, p 74) . Capitalism is seen as the opposite of statist governments, including communism. It runs on personal achievement and gratification. Workers strive to succeed and produce quality products because they know that in return they will often reach financial success. In capitalist societies like America, there is a promise that hard work will bring even the poorest family to the top class. Indeed, dedication and skill is the most straight path to riches, and this incentive keeps the wheels of the countrys economy running. In a capitalist free market, industries and privately owned, allowing for competition and a higher quality product (Lowenthal p 1). In laissez-faire capitalism, another name for the system, the government has virtually no impact on the economy, save for a few wage laws to ensure some amount of financial security for under skilled workers.

While we run parallel to some capitalist ideas, America is not a true capitalism. We have some programs that are considered socialist, a cousin of communism, such as public education and the federal banking system. A true capitalist market, for example, is Hong Kong, where the government has virtually no role in the economy (Brian, p 74). In Hong Kong, international trade is relatively untouched by regulations, and private banks share the same rights as international banks. Capitalism, while theoretically a system of hope and prospective prosperity for all peoples, has as many downfalls as any other economic system (Ellis, 45) . Although the opportunity is there, and many citizens are a few generations away from ancestors who lived in poverty, not everyone has the means to rise up the social class ladder.

While post secondary education is required in a majority of the work fields, it is expensive, and many citizens have little access to it. Also, an economy with little or no governmental regulations will eventually fall to rising inflation, unemployment, and low wages. This is why many economies, like our own, work together with the government in order to maintain some degree of financial security for the nation as a whole. The major differences between communism and capitalism seem to be the levels of government interaction with the economy and market. While the two seem opposite in policy, history has shown few success stories with total communist or capitalist societies. Many governments who name themselves as one or another are using a mixture of policies from both approaches, trying to find a combination that pleases the people while stabilizing the nations financial security. Long gone are the days of the Red Scare, and now nations across the world are learning that strict forms of economic plans, while theoretically sound, do not necessarily work when put under action

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A Real Christmas Spirit

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in A Real Christmas Spirit, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your A Real Christmas Spirit paper at affordable prices! Stars light up the frosty sky in the winter night, with their comforting blinks. Their mere presence is, if nothing else, a subtle proclamation of their watch over us. Their existence becomes all the more clear the farther away from the urban world you get.

The wind's whisper of cold adds extra value to our homes, campfires and the things that help to keep us warm. Many people drive far away from their homes to enjoy such times in private.

In a cabin high up in the mountains, a group of four friends were gathered in front of a fireplace. The flames, doing all they muster to win the never ending thermometric struggle of heat and cold, were licking the air with the speed and skill of a lesbian hermaphrodite highly aroused and indulged in oral sex.

With the chill pressing in from the outside, and the heat fighting it out on the inside, the atmosphere in the cabin was tense, but yet calm, like absence of birdsong before a thunderstorm.

The two couples in the chalet were mingling in the exhilarating tension of this winter night's magic. Lulu was, lying with her back against the boasting beast of her boyfriend Spartacus, lost in fantasy. Cuddling as they were, love and sex entwined in the caressing motion of Sparta's hands stroking Lulu's body, only vaguely aware of the other couple's silent but conspicuous acts of love.

Scant's kisses had already reached his mate's second pair of lips in full pursuit of clitoral salvation. In exchange for his ventures, Ally was doing everything in her power to drive his partly maimed, and hence his name, biological misshapen to its best potential. Because of Scant's small handicap, they had both put much effort into oral sex to bring it to a new level. The soft moans of Ally were almost as arousing for Scant as her mouth's work. Her pulse was quickening with the need for more blood in the lower part of her body and Scant could feel the heartbeats, giving away Ally's present state, with his tongue. Twirling her sex in soft, circular motions, he knew exactly how to call forth the miracle of nature. Softly entering her with first one finger, then another, never stopping the work of magic deriving from his mouth, he felt her put even more effort into her own practice by sliding his abomination in and out of her mouth, simulating the entering and leaving of her natural, fleshy pit.

Lulu was by this time fully entranced by Sparta's soft kisses upon her neck, the prophecy of pleasure his hands promised to fulfill with help from the divinity between his legs. She slowly turned her body so that she was facing her persuader. Sparta, in reply, slid down from the neck of the couch to lie down with his lady on top of him. Sparta's glory was still concealed in his jogging pants, though its presence was as obvious as a fart in church. He took hold of her breasts, naked behind her sweater, and slowly she brought out the sledgehammer in his pants. It was ready to smite love for all it was worth, and Lulu never rejected a possibility of reaching heaven on earth. There was no way she could enfold the biological dream at once, so it had to go step by step, starting with the crown of the majestic prick.

The sound of five, slightly heavy, rhythmic knocks on the bedroom window, threw them all out of their private ecstasy. Ally jumped so sudden at the rapping that Scant's shame caught her in deep throat, and she started choking. Scant, not bothered by the knocking, responded by digging into her now soaked hole, believing the gurgle and abrupt action to be signals of orgasm. But his thoughts got ripped away when the commotion on the couch nearby gained full momentum.

Lulu's legs had cramped at the knocking, with Sparta halfway inside her, and the force of gravity instantly took hold of the situation. Slowly, accompanied by the screams and yammering of what could be both pain and delight, Lulu slid down on Sparta's massive monolith. Sparta could only watch, paralyzed by the sensation of finally feeling the full work of friction upon his gifted member and confused by the ambiguous and shifting yelps and growls from his lover.

Scant was quick to register the jeopardy of Lulu's future motherhood and jumped up, his own crippled member wringed from Ally's throat, and came to Lulu's aid. He slowly worked against gravity and hauled her off the giant. As Sparta left her body, she doubled over and fell to the floor. Sparta acted quickly by trying to catch her, but with little success.

Sparta went down on his knees and took hold of his beauty around her chest and brought her up with him on the couch.

"What the fuck was that?" he exclaimed, with a hint of frustration in his voice.

"How the fuck should I know! One moment I'm on top of the world and the next everyone loses their fucking minds!" Scant wailed, clearly disappointed by the way his pleasures came to a sudden halt.

And again, this time from the kitchen-window, came the sound of knocking. Five rhythmic and short-lived bangs, then silence. Every one of the four people, having moments before been lost in their love for each other, went stiff. The air changed in a matter of seconds from warm and loving to eerie despair; Ally's heart went from pumping warm blood of joy to fear striking adrenaline; Scant's dreams of satisfaction were quickly replaced by bafflement and Sparta's fuming pride dropped dead. Lulu was still lying unconscious on the couch with Sparta.

"Alright everyone, spit it out. Whoever is pulling this prank, I want to let you know it's not funny. This's our night, and none of you carry the right to ruin it for me." Scant said, with a flame born of fury, not of love, igniting his words.

"Don't try to play smart, Scant. Just because you're not as lucky as me with your equipment, doesn't mean you have to be an ass. This is a very immature way of showing your envy for my master sword, dude. Stop the bullshit!" Sparta yelled while standing up, angry with Scant's accusations. He grabbed another blanket from the couch with which he covered up his naked body.

A new set of five rhythmic knocks sounded, just as unpredictable, just as disturbing. Only this time it didn't come from a window, but from the wall right behind the couch Lulu was lying on.

Now aware of that no one was pulling anybodies leg, Scant's anger calmed and Sparta muttered an apology for his own foulness. Lulu, recovering from her shock, sat up on the couch with hear legs spread wide, fresh blood running from between her legs and down on the floor, leaving no doubt as to if the piercing had hurt her or not.

"Lulu!" Sparta exclaimed, seemingly forgetful of the unexplained sounds, and putting his own blanket around her for comfort. Lulu slowly turned her head and looked into his eyes. Then she said, as soft as a child's prayer on its mom's grave, "I think I know what it's like to be fucked by an Indian elephant high on Viagra trying to prove his sexual alignment to his homosexual tribe."

Her words were lost to Sparta's ears to the breaking of glass in the kitchen. The three of them hurried to the kitchen. The window was partly shattered and shards of glass were lying everywhere, bidding any careless barefoot welcome.

"Who the hell walks around at this time of night, bullying some lonely cabin in the middle of nowhere? I say we pay him back for his company, and we do it with the currency of physics." Sparta said, unable to hide a tremble in his voice that gave his uncertainty of the situation away.

"The hell with this guy or whatever's out there. No one is to screw my night over and walk away from it unhurt! I'm with you. Ally, you stay here and watch the window ok? I don't want this fucker to get away."

Ally nodded. A shriek from the living room put speed to Sparta's and Scant's thinking.

"Ally, you stay!" yelled Sparta and rushed after the cry with Scant on his heels. Ally stood her ground with a face clearly uncomprehending. This was obviously too much for Ally's fragile mind. It had been ground and carefully molded by therapists since the butchery of her loving mother and the suicide of the murderer, her father.

What met the eyes of Spartacus and Scant was a sight ready to blast them both into a life in insanity. The creature now sitting on top of Lulu's naked body was about 4 feet tall. Its tail was wagging like a puppy's tail at the first taste of whipped cream, its circular, pursed mouth busy sucking out what once was a pair of beautiful eyes. The sounds it made will only compare to those of sexual pleasure, its low moans and deep growls adding sickness to the display of such impossible morbidity. A two feet long arm was stretched out with one finger up in the air, signaling the observers to halt. Its other hand was, with the eagerness that of a boy tearing off the paper on his largest Christmas present, probing the inside of the woman's stomach through a gut at her navel.

Obviously satisfied with just one of the eyeballs, it set its eyes at the onlookers. From the creation's mouth hung a trail of flesh that lead to the victim's empty eye socket. In a single move it grabbed hold around the waist of the dead body and, with legs resembling those of a locust, leaped almost across the whole room and landed at the doorway in a splatter of blood and guts. With a sneering giggle it jumped out the door, leaving the house to its three mesmerized occupants.

What was left of Lulus once wonderful body was a pool of blood with some abdomen ingredients that had been scooped out of it and thrown carelessly about.

Ally's sudden singing of "Ode to Joy" was what broke the thrall of the witnesses. Their minds banished what they had just seen out of sheer disbelief, and turned around and entered the kitchen. They watched, muted by terror, Ally's performance.

And she sang "Joy, beautiful spark of the gods, Daughter of Elysium, We enter fire imbibed, Heavenly, thy sanctuary!"

As her shrill voice carried around the room, she sat playing with a lighter meant to give fire to the gas oven. She was baking her toes, one by one, in the moderate heat the fire made. The form of her two smallest toes was already unrecognizable with disfiguration, and the third had already started smoking.

Sparta was the first one to make a move. Still unable to speak, he went forth to take the tool of shaping away from her. She abruptly started screaming and utter profanities over another with such a nerve shattering tone that it sent Sparta back two steps. It was neither Sparta nor Scant that were to silence Ally's freak show.

Five hammering blows, in the same rhythm as before, were delivered on a wall, opposite the kitchen, in the living room, followed up by an eerie titter and the sound of long nails dragged against the wall. The appalling rip the nails made faded slowly as its maker moved around the chalet. Scant had wet the floor with piss as fear had taken control of his bladder. Ally went back to singing and the redesigning of her toes, but this time her voice was just audible, giving full color to the sound from outside. The grinding noise outside made it's way all the way around until it nearly reached the window behind Ally's back. An instant later there were two lurking eyes, set too far apart to be human, and a third, familiar eye, placed on top of the things head. Its eyes rolled back and forth, maybe to try pick out the next victim, perhaps to intimidate its hostages or possibly out of mere curiosity.

Ally stopped singing and turned around.

"Hi… See how pretty feet I have!" she said with a girlish note. But at the display of the charred and deformed toes, the creature's head vanished from the windowsill.

"Don't you like it?" she despaired with a cry.

"Ally, get the fuck away from the window!" yelled Sparta, who had by the sight of the creature regained enough wits to speak. But it was too late.

At the end of his last spoken syllable the creature came leaping, with speed betraying the laws of physics, in the window. Its widespread eyes went from one person to the other, its frothing mouth twisting into what looked like a grin.

Sparta took hold of Scant and dragged them both into the living room that minutes before had been the stage of a brutal murder. He could see the creature now standing next to Ally on the kitchen bench. Its fingers were twirling and its head bobbing in ecstasy of the meal in front of it. Its mouth grew like that of a fish and in one move covered up Ally's head down to her neck. Ally's arms and legs started flailing wildly and she fell from her seat at the bench. The thing started gobble its way down her neck, and pushed the body further in with its hands and the tail on its back was once again dancing with joy.

Sparta was drawn back by the sight and slipped in the pool of what was left of his girlfriend. He took a full blow to the back of his head when he hit the floor, and went out cold.

Scant stood unmoving, watching the undoing of his girlfriend. When the creature had munched down half of Ally's still moving body, it started regurgitating. Slowly, it pushed and dragged out its half consumed meal by means of gagging and its hands. With a gurgle, Ally's head left the monster's mouth. Her whole upper body was covered in reeking phlegm that seemed to make its way through her clothes and skin. Her oily hands gained sudden strength and started hitting invisible targets and her mouth, which was slowly melting beneath a thick orange layer of what might be gastric juice, opened to make its last cry for merci, but not a sound escaped her lips, but she did acquire a mouthful of melted flesh and teeth. Seeing its victim choke on facial fluid, the captor got ready with renewed spirit to feast again.

The blood covered living room turned into a blood bath. The creature ferociously gnawed Ally into bits and pieces with its wiry fingers and showered the room with her. Scant was the only one to witness this confetti of insides, brains, skin and blood, but he would not remember it for long.

The creature tore all, but for her legs and arms, of Ally apart. His ripping-frenzy died out, and the creature looked more or less bored with what was left. Its breath was labored with weary and its widespread eyes looked up to scrutinize its next source of entertainment and nutrition.

Its eyes locked on Scant who returned the stair, clearly traumatized. The creature grew to full size, about 8 feet above the ground, by extending its legs. It covered the distance between them in one step. Its chest was only an inch away from Scant, but yet he didn't make a single move, but for the heave caused by his breathing.

With a single blow, the abhorrer split Scant's skull in two and before his body fell to the floor, it shot its second arm through Scant's chest and dragged him up the wall until its face was aligned with his cracked skull. The creature took hold of scants brain and sucked it into its mouth. Instead of devouring the cerebrum, the thing chewed on the brain as to enjoy the sweetness of it. Then, it withdrew the hand holding up the limp body, and in its clutching fingers was Scant's inside. The organs traced a path to the opening in his body, and as he dropped to the floor, his guts got pulled out of the gaping hole, making a sickening, slurping sound. The beast, its appetite apparently unsated, sucked the bloody entrails in like spaghetti soaked in ketchup, every now and then halting to gobble up a meatball or two.

After finishing its third snack, the creature looked quite refreshed. Its belly had grown twice the size it had started out as, and to judge by the gurgle and burps, it seemed satisfied after all. It wobbled its way to were Sparta was lying, unmoving. It set its plump butt down next to Sparta and put its arms around his waist. Its legs mingled in between and locked around Sparta's, so that he would not make any move unnoticed by the creature. After openly savoring Sparta's living body by kissing it with its bloody, circular lips, it was soon sound asleep.

And so they slept, like husband and wife, beneath a sky twinkling with bemused stars this winter's night. The thick woods covering up the cabin making sure no one will ever hear the screams of agony and torment that would pierce the hush of the wind and beautiful birdsong the next morning, or perhaps week, depending on how much entertainment Sparta would bestow upon Moggat Slimebucket.

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Gender bias in education and workplace

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1. Roadblocks to gender and reacial equality in Education Settings and the Workplace

Sitting in the same classroom, reading the same textbook, listening to the same teacher, boys and girls receive very different educations. (Sadker, 14) The socialization of gender within our schools assures that girls are made aware that they are unequal to boys. Every time students are seated or lined up by gender, teachers are affirming that girls and boys should be treated differently. When an administrator ignores an act of sexual harassment, he or she is allowing the degradation of girls. When different behaviors are tolerated for boys than for girls because boys will be boys, schools are perpetuating the oppression of females. There is some evidence that girls are becoming more academically successful than boys, however examination of the classroom shows that girls and boys continue to be socialized in ways that work against gender equity. Teachers socialize girls towards a feminine ideal. Girls are praised for being neat, quiet, and calm, whereas boys are encouraged to think independently, be active and speak up. Girls are socialized in schools to recognize popularity as being important, and learn that educational performance and ability are not as important. Boys, on the other hand, are more likely to rank independence and competence as more important. Assertive behavior from girls is often seen as disruptive and may be viewed more negatively by adults. A permissive attitude towards sexual harassment is another way in which schools reinforce the socialization of girls as inferior.

Beyond teacher responses, special services in education appear to be applied more liberally to boys than to girls. Research shows that boys are referred for testing for gifted programs twice as often as girls, which may be because, ...giftedness is seen as aberrant, and girls strive to conform. (Orenstein, 14) Gender differentiation that starts in elementary school keeps getting worse throughout high school, college, medical/law school to the workplace.

We can see examples of gender differentiation from some articles in the book, Reconstructing Gender A multicultural Anthology. Gender Bias in education field and the workplace can be seen in the article 'Black and Female Reflections on Graduate School' by Bell Hooks when a white professor tells a black woman on her face that the "English department does not hire Negroes or women!" Even though this statements seems very racist and gender biased, I don't remember having any African American women for my English class. Just like Carole Gregory, a majority of black students who are scared and traumatized of having white professors and working partners because of their racist attitudes.

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Gender differentiation can be seen at its greatest in the work environment. Even though the working women pool has increased, the ratio of men in higher position to women in higher positions has remained almost negligible. There are only a few people who make it up the professional ladder. As described in the article, Sex Differences in moving and taking charge by Barbara Reskin and Irene Padavic, women's success in the work environment is attributed to them being beautiful, white and heterosexual. One woman manager in the same article describes this situation well when she says, "My generation came out of graduate school 15 or 0 years ago. The men are now in line to run major corporations. The women are not. Period" (Fierman 10)

I do not want to sound racist by stating women only as the victims of gender differentiation, but that is the case most of the time. Minority men are also victims of gender differentiation in the workplace. This concept can be exemplified by analyzing the article Why are there no Male Asian Anchormen on TV? by Ben Fong-Torres. This article describes the shortage of Asian anchormen on television. Helen Chang, a communications major at UC Berkeley states that "it is an executive decision based on a perception of an Asian image. On an executive decision level, the image of the Asian woman is acceptable." The underlying statement being that the image of the Asian woman is unacceptable.

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Jonne Donne

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John Donne's poetry

John Donne's finest achievements can be found in his love poetry. The Sunne Rising, A valediction Forbidding Mourning and The Relique are three examples of this.

Whether speaking directly or indirectly to his subject, in each of the poems, Donne describes his love for his lady. He does this using personification, metaphors, rhetorical divices and many other techniques to strengthen the argument he is presenting.

The Sunne Rising is set in bed with Donne's lover. The poem is directed at the sun but is talking, for the majority of the poem, above how great the couple's love is for each other. Donne begins the poem by scolding the sun for interrupting them; "Busie old foole, unruly Sunne, Why dost thou thus, Through windowes, and through curtaines call on us?" In this sentence Donne tells the sun to leave them and then in the next couple of lines, questions the sun why everybody should move to it's timing. Donne then goes on to say that their love is so great that they shouldn't have to obey anybody else's timing. Donne finishes the poem by saying that the couple are the world and that the sun should revolve around them instead of bothering with others. This is a technique called a conceit and is used often by Donne. He began his poem by simply telling the sun to leave them and ended up convincing us that Donne and his lover are the whole world and that the sun only shines for them. He uses this technique so subtly that it is hard to grasp his plan until the end of the poem by which time he has already persuaded us.

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A valediction Forbidding Mourning is again, about his love for a lady but this time, it is directed at her. Donne is going away for a short while and the poem is telling her to hold strong to their love and he will return. Donne uses another conceit in this poem but this time compares their love to a compass. His argument is that when he leaves, she will remain firm at home the fixed foot, and he will roam but then return to where he began. Again Donne convinces us that two things, so unalike at first glance, could really be so similar.

In the third poem, The Relique, Donne again uses conceit as a technique. The poem starts with his grave being 'dug up', as an ordinary person's would be in those days, and goes on to compare Donne and his lady to saints and then to miracles.

Donne love poetry is a very fine achievement and the poems are written so skilfully that he always manages to persuade the reader of the most unlikely comparisons in them.

Please note that this sample paper on Jonne Donne is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Jonne Donne, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Jonne Donne will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The WTO - Cancun Round

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The "unsuccessful" conclusion of the World Trade Organization ministerial forum in Cancun during mid-September of 00 has been a topic of much debate, with opinions on the collapse of the talks as varied as those who write about it. Magazines such as The Economist, with it's firm pro-free trade stance, considered the outcome of the Cancun meeting as a debacle, whereas more left-leaning organizations such as Oxfam (as part of their "Make Trade Fair" campaign) have hailed the outcome as the first rising of poor nations (referred to as the "G-1", as opposed to the G-8) against their wealthier counterparts in the field of international trade policy. As such, it is difficult for one to ascertain the effects that the Cancun round will have on future discussions without introducing bias of one sort or another. It is the intent of this paper to make an effort at providing a perspective on these talks from both sides, and the effect on those who will feel the results of the decisions made, both immediate and in the future.

The WTO was created in 14 as a result of major changes to the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) previously established shortly after the second World War. The intent of these organizations was to provide a forum where all nations who ratified the basic tenets of the GATT/WTO could discuss, multi-laterally, the "liberalisation" of global trade policies. Many nations (notably the original 50 participant members) maintained high tariffs and subsidies, which protected, both generally and in specific industries, their national economies from outside economic influences . The implementation of the GATT was successful in many ways in helping nations work together to reduce these barriers, and the scope was greatly increased as many more nations became full members of the provisional GATT body. However, the growth of the organization soon became unwieldly, such that by the 180's it was apparent that a new body would need to be established, with a new set of rules and guidelines. Thus, the WTO was created, who's provisions (developed in the so-called "Uraguay Rounds" ) were finalized by 15.

Of significant note in these provisions was the inclusion of an "Agreement on Agriculture", which was not a part of the preceding GATT provisions. The purpose was to provide greater transparency into member nation's tariffs on such goods as grain, eggs, poultry, dairy, and other agricultural goods . Once these became more transparent, it was believed that the tariffs would be much easier to reform. This was especially important for many developing nations, who were unable to compete in the markets of wealthier nations as a result of the high subsidies and tariffs maintained in those countries. The Doha Round of talks, from which the Cancun meeting was a continuation, was one of the first to take the issue of Agricultural subsidies to the forefront of the newly formed WTO.

Well before the Cancun meeting, the amount of subsidization that developed countries provided had been widely reported and examined. The subsidies and tariffs used to protect the agricultural sectors of the wealthier nations cost an estimated 00 billion US a year, creating massive trade distortions in the global economy. The average price for agricultural goods that farmers receive in developed countries is 1% higher than the global price. Specifically, subsidies for sugar and rice have reached over 100% and 60% respectively . This subsidization has in effect remained unchanged for over 15 years as well, and represents a vast drain on tax dollars in these nations, most notably Canada, the EU, and the United States . It would also seem that the intended purpose of the Agricultural tariffs in these nations, to protect individual farmers that would otherwise go bankrupt if forced to compete on the global market, is not occurring. An analysis by the OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) determined that only 5 cents out of every dollar spent on price support by developed-world governments ends up in the hands of the farmers themselves. The remaining 75 cents ends up in other parts of the economy, distorting such markets as land prices .

However, the distribution of the subsidies is also questioned. A World Bank report indicated that in the European Union and the United States, the biggest 7% of farms receive over 50% of the farm subsidies . That is, the small farm holders are not receiving the aid that the subsidies are purported to deliver, rather the subsidies are ending in the coffers of the large (and politically powerful) "Agri-Corporations".

The effects of this subsidization to the third world nations is measurable and direct. By providing greater incentive through subsidization to produce these specific agricultural goods, the global supply is increased, thereby depressing the global price. The end result is to place many farmers in third world nations into poverty when producing agricultural products that would, at "fair" global prices, provide a living wage. Notable occurrences of this phenomenon can be found in Africa vs. the EU in wheat and dairy exports, the EU vs. South-East Asia (notably Thailand) in sugar, and the United States vs. West Africa in cotton exports .

It was the discussion of Cotton exports that kicked off the Cancun round of negotiations on September 10th, 00. It has been estimated by the World Bank that without price support, fewer than 10% of America's cotton producers would be competitive in the world market . In West Africa, over 10 million people rely on cotton exports for a living, many of whom living just at or below the poverty line. The West African nations demanded an end to the subsidization of cotton production in the United States, which The Economist indicated as "reasonable and justified" . However, the agreement that was reached during the first half of the Cancun meetings was considered a disappointment. Other than a promise to review the situation in the future, nothing was committed to, especially with respect to the removal or reduction of US subsidies. In fact, it was suggested that, despite the economies of scale and the relative cheapness that cotton could be produced in West Africa, that these countries diversify out of the cotton industry altogether . Indeed, the unwillingness of the United States to budge on cotton subsidies set the tone for the remainder of the Cancun meeting.

The discussion from this point onwards became dominated by the newly-formed G-1, lead by Brazil, China, and India. Organized, committed, and representing over two-thirds of the world's farmers, the G-1 represented the first concerted effort of developing nations attempting to steer WTO talks in their direction . The Cancun discussions were not specifically meant to address the issue of Agriculture subsidization, but rather multi-lateral liberalization of trade policies as outlined in the "Singapore Issues", which specified four key areas of discussion, such as trade facilitation and transparency in government procurement, but not agriculture itself. The G-1 refused to negotiate on these issues until Agricultural subsidies were addressed. The end result was the cancellation of the Cancun round a day early, as a result of "Intransigence and Brinkmanship" by both the rich and poor nations.

It is at this point that much debate has ensued. Were the demands of the G-1 too much at once? Did the talks end because of the refusal of rich nations to address the issues that were most pressing to other countries, rather than the Singapore issues which were tabled originally? The resultant end of the talks is seen as both a "dismal failure" and a "resounding success", depending on the source.

It is frequently noted that the G-1 was simply asking too much. The demand to eliminate tariffs entirely would require extensive negotiation by rich countries with their own citizens. President Bush had just recently signed the Farm Act in 00 which indicated that small farms would continue to be protected by the American federal government. France itself had just declared that it planned on ensuring that French farmers were an integral part of the Common Agricultural Policy, a European initiative that already had vocal opponents in such nations as Poland and other former Soviet bloc nations. In essence, to remove these barriers would be tantamount to political suicide for the reigning political parties. It is not surprising that these countries would reject attempts to reform their subsidized agricultural industries.

Also, it is important to note that the G-1 is composed of countries with widely varying existing trade policies. Nations such as India maintain tariff structures that are as restrictive as those of the wealthier nations, and their requests were seen by the wealthier nations as hypocritical.

Nevertheless, the failure of the talks to reach any common ground remains costly. The World Bank estimated that a successful completion of the Doha round of talks (of which Cancun was one meeting) would result in an increase of over 500 billion US a year in global income by 015. More importantly, over 60% of the increased income would go to poor countries, which would "pull" an estimated 144 million people up from the poverty line . The inability of both sides to come to a compromise can be justifiably seen as a missed opportunity.

Alternatively, the failure of the talks themselves cannot simply be considered as an abject failure, which it is often referred to as by politicians and pro-globalization pundits. Indeed, The Economist referred to the interference of NGO's on behalf of the poor nations as "muddle-headed" and were as a group responsible for "raising (poor nation's) expectations too high" . This may simply be an attempt to find a scapegoat for the results of Cancun, where the blame should likely fall on the shoulders of all participants involved.

Though the World Bank report indicated global increases in income for both poor and rich nations, the actual results may not have borne that estimation out. Not included were the costs associated with the market liberalization reforms that the poorer nations would be required to introduce locally. Many of these (and part of the "Singapore issues") allowed for greater access to local markets by foreign "rich-world" corporations, whose impacts were not assessed as part of the report. Indeed, the Cancun round of negotiations were to be focused on these liberalization talks, and the requisite association with lower tariffs in Agriculture by wealthy nations was dropped entirely. That is, the Cancun meeting simply became a forum to discuss trade liberalization, which largely if not completely benefited first world nations, without any concessions in tariff or subsidy reduction. In this case, it is not surprising that the talks failed as they did.

Regardless, the end result of the Cancun talks is frequently hailed as a landmark occasion. The rising of the G-1 (since expanded to the G-) marked an historic change in multi-lateral negotiation at the global level. There is no doubt that not reaching a compromise on many issues at Cancun inevitably hurt the G-1 member nations in the short-run, but the long run effects have yet to be determined. The impetus created at the Cancun ministerial has led to more third-world nations being interested in joining the current G- as well, as the next round of negotiations loom.

However, some have indicated that the demise of the Cancun meeting (and the almost inevitable demise of the Doha Round of negotiations) may herald the death of the WTO itself, who European Commission President Romano Prodi referred to as a "medieval" institution in light of the Cancun meeting . The resulting effects could end up being more damaging for the world economy as whole. The United States in particular has bluntly indicated its willingness to "go it alone", and will continue to pursue bi-lateral and regional agreements with other nations as opposed to global arrangements. Invariably, this will be of much less benefit than a multi-lateral agreement for members of the G- and the developing world as a whole. Indeed, the results of the Cancun talks may even result in punitive trade measures by the United States. One American Senator, Charles Grassy, stated

"I will use my position as chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, which has jurisdiction over international trade policy in the US Senate, to carefully scrutinise the positions taken by WTO members during this ministerial. The United States evaluates potential partners for free trade agreements on an ongoing basis.I will take note of those nations that played a constructive role in Cancun, and those nations that did not. "

Whether this comes to something more than saber-rattling is unsure at this point, but it clearly indicates American political dissatisfaction with the results of Cancun. The long-term results may result in regional trading blocs, which could leave many third world countries (notably those in Africa) out in the cold.

Any result along these lines could prove Prodi correct. The downfall of the WTO and its subsequent replacement by regional agreements, which is already gaining favour in many rich nations, is measurably inferior to standard global trading rules.

It can easily be seen that the impact resulting from the early termination of the Cancun ministerial has far reaching and potentially damaging effects. The G-1's impressive coordination during the talks ensured that it would not be held hostage by the decisions made by the first world. That wealthy nations in many cases simply refuse to compromise on issues of agriculture, so critically important to poorer nations, is certainly a major obstacle to future negotiations as well. That some sort of balance has to be developed is clear. If wealthy nations continue to pursue such trade restrictive practices that tariffs and subsidies promote, the slide in international trade will continue unabated. That agreements could be made on a regional level is of little solace; some of the major problems currently facing the world have been attributed to poverty. As Singapore's Trade Minister George Yo has pointed out, the continuation of poverty in third world nations is seen by the citizens of these nations a result of first world policies . This resentment, along with poverty, is often linked to issues that affect every nation. Terrorism, disease, and migration have potentially disastrous effects to rich nations.

Freer trade undoubtedly has benefits to all nations. The next round of discussions, which is expected to occur some time over the next year in Hong Kong (and thus before the expiration of the "Doha round" of negotiations) could potentially bring the discussions back on track. However, the pessimism that prevails in many first world nations as a result of the Cancun talks may inhibit any sincere attempt at reformation. The strength of public opinion that the G- can rely upon in their own countries as they defy rich countries will only reinforce their resolve to come to an agreement that they can realistically view as advantageous for themselves. Whether an agreement can be reached during the Doha round remains unclear. However, it is plain to all that failure to come to some form of understanding is far more damaging to citizens of the third world than those of the first. Hopefully, the opposing positions are not too firmly entrenched that consensus is impossible before the next round of talks even begin.

WTO website, http//www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm ibid.

Mary Jo Nicholson, Legal Aspects of International Business, pg. 7. Prentice Hall, 17.

Times Magazine (UK), http//www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-817,00.html

The Economist, Sept. 0th, 00, p. 6.

Times Magazine (UK), http//www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-817,00.html

World Bank website, http//www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/article.asp?id=06

The Economist, Sept. 0th, 00, p. 7.

The G1 is composed of the following countries Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, and Venezuela.

Patricia Hewitt, "Learning the Lessons of Cancun", Guardian Unlimited (online ed.) http//www.guardian.co.uk/wto/article/0,76,1048078,00.html

The Economist, Sept. 0th, 00, p. 8.

World Bank website, http//www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/article.asp?id=06

The Economist, Sept. 0th, 00, p. 6.

James Arnold, "Mixed Feelings Over Cancun Collapse", http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/110844.stm

ICFI website, http//www.wsws.org/articles/00/sep00/wtor-s17.shtml

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Writing profile

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My Writing profile

'@'@'@'@'@'@I have been writing since I was a little girl in Japanese mostly. I just started writing in English'@about two years ago. Now, writing is an important part of my life because writing can express my feelings.. I analyzed myself as a writer and discovered what I do when I write.

Since I am a college student, I often write papers which are related academic subjects and media commentaries. In fact, I don'ft like to write these kinds of papers because they require very formal style. I have to be careful all the time while I'fm writing the papers. I like to write more freely. I write'@stories least often because it takes a long time to finish. Since I 'em a kind of critical reader, if I wrote a story, I would rewrite many times to satisfy myself. When I list all the kinds of writing I do, I write about my feelings, experiences, happiness, the world, favorite songs, books, movies, friends and other people, and weird things I try to understand. Above all, I enjoy writing about my personal experiences and places I have been and people I have met. When writing for class, I would rather have find the subject by myself. When I find one myself, it'fs much easier to write because I know a lot of information about the subject. I feel about my English writing still childish and awkward, but I love it. I keep all the papers I wrote.

I have a experience which has affected my learning how to write. In Japan, I had learned writing intensively by native English speaker for one year. The teachers told various things about writing in detail. I was told how to prepare a piece of writing(such as brain storming, clustering and free writing), how to organize an essay, tips for introduction, body and conclusion, how to write various kinds of essays, and English writing features. For example, a teacher told me 'g In English, we don'ft like to repeat same words again.'h I do what I was told, so I'fm getting a better English writer. I think the hardest part of writing is organization. To let understand the content to readers easily, I am sometimes stuck writing to think the organization. In contrast, the easiest part is a conclusion. In conclusion paragraph, I just restate a thesis or wrap up the essay. I don'ft have to say new ideas.

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I start a piece of writing with a quotation, story, question, or my opinion to catch reader'fs attention. While I am writing, I often question to my self, and I find out what I want to say. Also, I prefer to be in lower level in the Main library. I like especially individual study area because no talking allowed there, so I can concentrate to study as it'fs very quiet. Since I am a night person, I write best at night. When I write, I usually use a pretty notebook and dark blue ball point pen. I want to reread sometime, so I don'ft like to write on a separate piece of paper.

I write more than one draft'@because I usually write a first draft roughly to form an essay fast. I know there are a lot of mistakes and poor information, but I want to form an essay as soon as possible. I usually write draft two times because if I do more than two times, I feel it seems that writing an essay is endless. I think the concept of revising is to take a fresh look at my draft and to make sure all the information in my essay.

I am willing to read my writing to other people because I like to know reader'fs reactions. I want to know the reactions as many as possible. Usually, my classmates, room mates, friends and teachers read it. It'fs very interesting that each person'fs response is different. Also, I like to reread my writing sometimes. I can feel my growth of my writing skills, and also the opinion at that time might be different from now. It is interesting to read.

After I wrote a conclusion, I know a piece of writing is finished. I don'ft usually worry about not being able to finish a piece of writing because I make an outline first, so I can predict how long it takes to finish. I think the characteristics of good writing are include interesting contents, good organization, and no mistakes. I think my writing is near to good writing. I try to include these characteristics in my essay.

Now, I found myself as a writer. Analyzing about my writing is very helpful to me to improve my writing skill. I'f ll continue to express my feeling by writing, and I want to look back on my writing sometimes like this essay. I want to improve again.

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CONCENTRATION OF ACID

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CONCENTRATION OF ACID

Aim

The aim of this investigation is to find out how concentration of acid affects the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon. The rate of a chemical reaction is a measure of how fast the reaction takes place. It is important to remember that a rapid reaction is completed in a short period of time. Some reactions are very fast, e.g. (the formation of silver chloride precipitate when silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid solutions are mixed. In this investigation we will test different concentrations of acid reacting with magnesium.

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Prediction

I predict that as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases, the time taken for the magnesium to disappear decreases. I predict that when the concentration of the hydrochloric acid doubles, the rate of the reaction doubles.

Linking prediction to theory

Reaction rate and concentration.

The collision theory describes how the rate of reaction increase (the time taken for the magnesium ribbon to disappear when it is reacted with hydrochloric acid) when the concentration of HCL increases. The theory states that if, the more concentrated the reactants, the greater the number of collisions between particles increase. This also explains why the greatest rate of reaction is usually as soon as the reactants have been mixed, i.e. they are both at their highest concentrations. As the reaction continues, the concentration of the reacting substances decreases and so does the rate of reaction. We must consider what happens when a reaction takes place. First of all the particles of the reacting substances must collide with each other, and secondly a fixed amount of energy called activation energy (Ea) must be reached if the reaction is to take place. If the particles can produce the right amount of energy (i.e. if they collide fast enough and in the right direction) a reaction will take place. The reaction is speeded up if the number of collisions is increased. In this investigation we must consider the topic of variables.

Clearly, the time taken for the magnesium to disappear when it is placed in different concentrations of HCL is related in some way. The higher the concentration of HCL I use, the less time it takes for the magnesium to disappear and so the rate reaction increases. The concentration of HCL used is independant variable because it will vary, and the time taken for the rate of reaction to take place (i.e. the magnesium to disappear) is the dependant variable because it depends upon the concentration of

hydrochloric acid. Other variables throughout the investigation, which will vary are the volume of water used, and the volume of hydrochloric acid. The variables which will remain unchanged are the temperature (room temperature) will stay the same in order for it to be a fair test, because if the temperature changes it will effect the rate of reaction between the reactants, either by speeding it up if the temperature rises because the particles move faster and travel a greater distance in a given time and so will be involved in more collisions. Or the temperature may slow the reaction down due to particles moving slower. The amount of magnesium used will stay the same (cm long), so that it is a fair test. The time it takes for the magnesium to disappear will be measured accurately using a stop clock as soon as the HCL is poured into beaker with the magnesium in it. This way most results will be accurate. It is important to keep the reactants separate while setting up the apparatus so that the starting time of the reaction will be measured accurately.

Factors that may not be easy to control are, how well the solution is mixed when it is diluted, to get the correct concentration. A way to come around could be (stirring the test tube twice, or shaking the test tube twice). This factor is quite important because it determines exactly what the concentration of the solution is each time it is mixed, if the stirring factor is not carefully controlled it could lead to inaccurate results if the concentration of the acid solution is not what we calculated it to be. During a chemical reaction the particles have to collide with enough energy to first break the bonds and then to form the new bonds and the rearranged electrons, so its safe to say that some of the particles don't have enough energy to react when they collide. The

minimum amount of energy that is required to break the bonds is called activation

energy (Ea). If the activation energy is high only a small amount of particles will have

enough energy to react so the reaction rate would be very small, however the activation energy is very low the number of particles with that amount of energy would be so high, so start, so the reaction rate would be higher. An example of low (Ea) would be in explosives when they only need a small input of energy to start their exceedly exothermic reactions. A change in concentration is a change in the number of particles in a given volume.

If I increase the volume

a) The particles are more crowded so they collide more often.

b) Even though the average amount of energy possessed by a particle does not change, there are more particles with each amount of energy - more particles with the activation energy.

Before starting the investigation, I decided to do some research about magnesium and hydrochloric acid.

Magnesium is a light, shiny grey metallic element; symbol Mg, atomic number 1, found in-group two in the periodic table. It is quite reactive giving vigorous reactions towards acids. It is one of the alkaline earth metals, and the lightest of the commonly used metals. It is used in alloys, flash photography, flares, fireworks and flash bulbs because it burns vigorously in air with a bright white light. Magnesium reacts with steam to release hydrogen and it also burns in carbon dioxide gas.

Hydrochloric acid, HCl, is a solution of hydrogen chloride (a colourless acidic gas) in water. The concentrated acid is about 5% hydrogen chloride and is corrosive. The acid is a typical strong, monobasic acid forming only one series of salts, the chlorides. Like most acids, it releases hydrogen ions when it is added to water and certain metals, and has a pH of less than 7. Hydrochloric acid is a common laboratory acid.

Extracts from a chemistry coursework from an Internet source and

The HUTCHINSON Dictionary of SCIENCE second edition.

Before looking at the factors that can alter the rate of reaction, we must consider what happens when a reaction take place.

First of all, the particles of the reacting substances must collide with each other and, secondly, they need a certain amount of energy to break down the bonds of the particles and form new ones. This energy is called the activation energy or Ea. If a collision between particles can produce sufficient energy (i.e. if they collide fast enough and in the right direction) a reaction will take place. Not all collisions will result in a reaction.

The investigation could be done using one variable and therefore have a set of results which were related in some way. The variables that could be used are

Concentration

Particle size/surface area

Pressure (for reactions involving gas)

Temperature

Light

Presence of a catalyst.

These variables can be used because

1. The more concentrated the reactants, the greater the rate of reaction will be. This is because increasing the concentration of the reactants increases the number of collisions between particles and, therefore, increases the rate of reaction.

. When one of the reactants is a solid, the reaction must take place on the surface area of the solid. By breaking up the solid into smaller pieces, the surface area is increased, giving a greater area of collisions to take place and so causing an increase in the rate of reaction.

. When one or more of the reactants are gases an increase in pressure can lead to an increased rate of reaction. The increase in pressure forces the particles closer together. This causes more collisions and increases the rate of reaction.

4. An increase in temperature produces an increase in the rate of reaction. A rise of 10º C approximately doubles the rate of reaction. When a mixture of substances is heated, the particles move faster. This has two effects. Since the particles are moving faster they will travel greater distance in a given time and so will be involved in more collisions. Also, because the particles are moving faster a larger proportion of the collisions will exceed the activation energy and so the rate of reaction increases.

5. The rates of some reactions are increased by exposure to light. Light has a similar effect as temperature because it produces heat.

6. A catalyst is a substance, which can alter the rate of a reaction but remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. Catalysts usually speed up a reaction. A catalyst, which slows down a reaction, is called a negative catalyst or inhibitor. Catalysts speed up reactions by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction, i.e. one that has much lower activation energy. More collisions will, therefore, have enough energy for this new pathway.

Extracts from Letts Study Guide, GCSE CHEMISTRY.

All this information is relevant to my investigation, as I now know what would happen to the molecules when using different variables. It also makes it easier to decide what variable I am going to use in this circumstance.

I decided to use the concentration of acid as my variable. I used 5 different strengths of hydrochloric acid. These strengths would determine the rates of reactions. I decided to measure the acid in molars. I predicted that the higher the concentration of the acid, the faster the reaction between magnesium ribbon and the hydrochloric acid. This would be because there were more acid molecules to react with the magnesium ribbon.

Before doing the actual experiment I decided to do some preliminary work. These were to tell me the details that I would need to know for my investigation to be successful. I saw from these preliminary investigations that the magnesium ribbon started to react with the hydrochloric acid the moment that I dropped it in. I decided that it would be a good idea to start timing the second that I dropped it in. When the ribbon had been eaten away by the acid, it stopped fizzing. I decided that I would stop timing the second that the fizzing stopped. I discovered from my preliminary experiments that when I used a low concentration of hydrochloric acid, for instance, 0.4 molar, it took a long time for the magnesium ribbon to be eaten away. I decided that it would be impractical to spend time on the following strengths of hydrochloric acid

1. molar

0.8 molar

0.4 molar

This was because they were the three slowest strengths of acids available to react with the magnesium ribbon over a period of time. I also learnt from my preliminary experiments that it was sometimes quite difficult to stop timing on the exact moment that the fizzing stopped. I decided therefore that I would carry out each of the experiments.

Apparatus/ methods

When the magnesium ribbon reacts with the hydrochloric acid, magnesium chloride is formed. I wrote down the equation to show this

Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid = Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen

Mg + HCl = MgCl + H

The equipment I needed for the investigation was

Water (dilute the acid)

Magnesium ribbon- 15 pieces, cm long

Hydrochloric acid 0 ml of molar

0 ml of 1.6 molar

0 ml of 1. molar

0 ml of 0.8 molar

0 ml of 0.4 molar

Measuring Cylinder

Stop clock (sensitivity 1/10s)

beaker

Pipette

Test tube rack

Test tubes

Safety goggles

I decided to repeat the experiments three times each, using all the information that I gained while I was doing my preliminary experiments.

To ensure a safe experiment and working environment I needed to have at least 1 meter squared of working space around me, wear safety goggles at all times when using acid, use a test tube rack instead of holding the test tubes, secure all equipment and make sure that all the equipment were fully functional and not damaged.

To make the experiment a fair test I used the same amount of acid for all experiments, only changing the concentrations. I used the same size of magnesium, I also started the stop clock when the magnesium touched the acid and stopped it when the magnesium stopped fizzing for each experiment. I always washed out the test tubes when an experiment had finished so the different concentration wouldn't get mixed together causing strange results.

First I measured out the amount of hydrochloric acid using the measuring cylinder. I used a pipette to pour the acid into the measuring cylinder as to be accurate. I needed 5cm of acid in the cylinder and poured it into a test tube. I then put 0cm of water into the test tube to dilute the concentration of acid. I did this to see if the experiments with the same strength of acids affected the rate of reaction. I then got a piece of magnesium ribbon about cm long and dropped it into the acid and started timing the moment that the magnesium ribbon touched the acid solution. When the magnesium ribbon stopped fizzing, I stopped the clock and recorded the number of seconds (rounded up to nearest second) taken for the reaction from start to finish.

I made a table to record my results in. The table is shown below

Volume in cm Concentration of acid in molar Time taken to react

Acid Water

5 0 50

5 0 45

5 0 50

0 5 1.6 7

0 5 1.6 71

0 5 1.6 7

15 10 1. 156

15 10 1. 154

15 10 1. 146

10 15 0.8 8

10 15 0.8 6

10 15 0.8 40

5 0 0.4 88

5 0 0.4 65

5 0 0.4 6

To calculate the average time that it took for the magnesium to be eaten away by the acid, I did the following calculation

Test 1 + Test + Test = Average time /

The average result is shown below

Volume of acid cm Volume of water cm Concentration in M Average time

5 0 48.

0 5 1.6 7

15 10 1. 15

10 15 0.8 84.

5 0 0.4 41.7

As I already have mentioned, I used a measuring cylinder to make the measurements and used a pipette for further accuracy. I did each experiment three times so I would be able to calculate averages and thereby get more accurate results. I recorded the results in seconds instead of minutes in order to obtain more precise results. I used a stop clock instead of a 4-hour clock so I could look at the milliseconds and round it up to the nearest second, which made the results more exact.

It was noticeable, when looking at the results table, that the more concentrated acid had a faster rate of reaction than the less concentrated acid. This was probably because there are more particles in a concentrated acid and therefore more collisions will occur. For instance, 1. molars average time, 15 seconds, is longer than molars average time, which was 48. seconds.

I made a graph to show the results in a graph paper.

The graph above supports my original prediction of the more concentrated the acid the faster the rate of reaction because it shows the time difference between the different strengths of acids. In a higher concentration there are more acid particles to react with the magnesium ribbon and therefore it is eaten away faster.

I conclude that changing one factor does have a significant effect on the rate of reaction as we have seen.

Looking at the set of results obtained, you can clearly see that they all follow the expected pattern. This is pattern suggests that the reaction rate increase when the concentration of the acid increases because if you increase the concentration of the acid you are introducing more particles into the reaction which will in turn produce a faster reaction because there will be more collisions between the particles which is what increases the reaction rate.

The evidence I have been able to gather from this investigation seems to lead to a quite firm conclusion. I might not have been able to find the exact speed of the reactions but the pattern seems to be correct as I have repeated readings three times and as it agrees with the information I have researched.

I used the variable of concentration, which seemed to be of a good choice as it would show the results of how more acid molecules reacting with magnesium, would result in a faster reaction.

There will always be ways in which you can improve your investigations and the same thing goes to my investigation.

I found it very hard to measure out the exact number of millilitres for the acid even though I used a pipette and I was also in a hurry. If I were to redo this investigation I would put some more effort into measuring the acid. I could have used the wrong concentration of acid by accident and that would have affected the speed because there would have been fewer or more acid particles to react with the magnesium ribbon. Next time I do this experiment I would try to remember which acid I am using so it doesn't get mixed up. Every time I washed a test tube or a measuring cylinder, I did not dry it before using it. This may have affected the rate of reaction, as water would dilute the acid. To improve my results, I could dry the test tubes and the measuring cylinder after they are washed to prevent diluted acids. The size and weight of the magnesium would have affected the rate of reaction. The experiment could be improved by measuring, adjusting and weighing the magnesium ribbons so they all are the same size and weight. I also found out from background information, that the magnesium ribbon is covered with a whitish deposit. This deposit was magnesium oxide where the magnesium had reacted with the air. I would imagine that some pieces had only a little of this oxide and some had a lot. The pieces of magnesium ribbon that did not have much oxide on them reacted faster than those with a lot. To improve my results, I could clean the magnesium oxide of all the magnesium pieces using some sandpaper, and this would mean that the acid would not have to eat through the magnesium oxide before reacting with the magnesium. In my investigation I also measured the temperature to see if there would be any change in the rate of reactions. From my results it was noticeable to look at each experiment and see how the temperature had affected the rates of reactions. To improve my investigation I could assure that the temperature was constant all the time. I could also do more readings to get nearer to a more accurate result.

In my investigation I used concentration as my variable. To improve my investigation further, I could use other variables such as, surface area, temperature, pressure for gas, and a presence of a catalyst.

These variables would hopefully prove that they all help speed up a chemical reaction.

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Ethics in photography

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When dealing with human beings when does art cross the border between ethical and unethical? Is it how the human being is being depicted within the art? If so, JoelPeter Witkin's photography is teetering on the borderline between ethical and unethical. In ethics, the belief that right and wrong differs from one society to another and one person to another is known as relativism. This belief is perfect when talking about Witkin, and any art for that matter, because one person could look at his photographs and literally vomit while others are paying tens of thousands of dollars to hang an original photograph of Witkin's in there foyer.

Witkin creates his backdrops for these photographs himself. It usually takes close to two weeks to finish a set which depicts his models in " heretical updates of old master paintings, Witkin transform the grotesque into a brazen, personal vision of the sublime." One ananomist at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine called Witkin "another Jeffery Dahmer." Accusing him of degrading a human being because he accessorized a cadaver with costume jewelry for one of his photographs." If Witkin had gotten permission from the diseased before their death it does not seem unethical but in the case of his most infamous photograph Le Baiser (The Kiss) he waited a year to get a severed head which was sliced in half for the photograph with one half kissing the other. Some say it was given to him and others say he stole it from a grave. In 18 a born again Christian janitor working at the University of New Mexico Discovered prints of it along with real fetuses and reported it to the police. He Voluntarily destroyed the negatives and know has people donate their bodies to him.

The problem with his art is how he profits from people with abnormalities and how he seems to be humiliating these human beings other than bringing out the beauty he calms is so relative in his photography. In one photo he positioned a male goat, that is sexually aroused, with its front legs perched on a nude dwarf woman's back. The nude woman looks as if she is trying to get away at no avail. This to me is humiliating for this woman and unethical.

A lot of his photos are not straight photography either. After the print is made he scratches the surface to create a grimy look, he also pours chemicals directly on the surface to give it texture and a very eary feeling. If he was trying to bring out the beauty in these people then why does he alter their appearance with scratches and different textures? What he really is doing is making them look more horrible. In one of his photographs he actually scratches the eyes and mouth out of a woman making her look like a person screaming from the depths of hell.

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His wife and her female lover are in charge of finding models for Witkin's theatrical photographs. One of his models, a recluse in Los Angeles born with no skin, no eyelids, and no legs or arms asked Witkin to "please make me look like a human being." After viewing this photograph it appears that Witkin went out of his way to emphasize this man deformities.

Witken obviously has his own psychological problems. One night while he and his wife slept, they were awoke by a strange light in the backyard. Witken got up out of bed and said good-bye to his wife telling her " they've come for me." "When he came back into the house, he was crushed they hadn't beamed him up," she says sweetly. "He said they had left without him." As a boy growing up in Brooklyn, Witkin calmed to witness a bad car accident and has told the story of standing at the curb next to the crash and a little girls severed head rolling to his feet. In some versions he says he stared right into the little girls eyes, while in others he says he actually picked her head up. "For a long time I think Joel really believed the story," says his brother Jerome Witkin, a painter who teaches at Syracuse University. "You wonder if reality isn't enough for him", says Jerome.

While Witkin's photographs are very powerful images, what he describes as beauty screaming from this artwork appears to be more about attention, or perhaps sickness. Witkin completely exploits not only his voluntary living subjects, but what about the deceased posed nude, decapitated, armless, ect, he almost makes his own case for how truly unethical his "art work" is.

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