Ethics in photography

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When dealing with human beings when does art cross the border between ethical and unethical? Is it how the human being is being depicted within the art? If so, JoelPeter Witkin's photography is teetering on the borderline between ethical and unethical. In ethics, the belief that right and wrong differs from one society to another and one person to another is known as relativism. This belief is perfect when talking about Witkin, and any art for that matter, because one person could look at his photographs and literally vomit while others are paying tens of thousands of dollars to hang an original photograph of Witkin's in there foyer.

Witkin creates his backdrops for these photographs himself. It usually takes close to two weeks to finish a set which depicts his models in " heretical updates of old master paintings, Witkin transform the grotesque into a brazen, personal vision of the sublime." One ananomist at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine called Witkin "another Jeffery Dahmer." Accusing him of degrading a human being because he accessorized a cadaver with costume jewelry for one of his photographs." If Witkin had gotten permission from the diseased before their death it does not seem unethical but in the case of his most infamous photograph Le Baiser (The Kiss) he waited a year to get a severed head which was sliced in half for the photograph with one half kissing the other. Some say it was given to him and others say he stole it from a grave. In 18 a born again Christian janitor working at the University of New Mexico Discovered prints of it along with real fetuses and reported it to the police. He Voluntarily destroyed the negatives and know has people donate their bodies to him.

The problem with his art is how he profits from people with abnormalities and how he seems to be humiliating these human beings other than bringing out the beauty he calms is so relative in his photography. In one photo he positioned a male goat, that is sexually aroused, with its front legs perched on a nude dwarf woman's back. The nude woman looks as if she is trying to get away at no avail. This to me is humiliating for this woman and unethical.

A lot of his photos are not straight photography either. After the print is made he scratches the surface to create a grimy look, he also pours chemicals directly on the surface to give it texture and a very eary feeling. If he was trying to bring out the beauty in these people then why does he alter their appearance with scratches and different textures? What he really is doing is making them look more horrible. In one of his photographs he actually scratches the eyes and mouth out of a woman making her look like a person screaming from the depths of hell.

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His wife and her female lover are in charge of finding models for Witkin's theatrical photographs. One of his models, a recluse in Los Angeles born with no skin, no eyelids, and no legs or arms asked Witkin to "please make me look like a human being." After viewing this photograph it appears that Witkin went out of his way to emphasize this man deformities.

Witken obviously has his own psychological problems. One night while he and his wife slept, they were awoke by a strange light in the backyard. Witken got up out of bed and said good-bye to his wife telling her " they've come for me." "When he came back into the house, he was crushed they hadn't beamed him up," she says sweetly. "He said they had left without him." As a boy growing up in Brooklyn, Witkin calmed to witness a bad car accident and has told the story of standing at the curb next to the crash and a little girls severed head rolling to his feet. In some versions he says he stared right into the little girls eyes, while in others he says he actually picked her head up. "For a long time I think Joel really believed the story," says his brother Jerome Witkin, a painter who teaches at Syracuse University. "You wonder if reality isn't enough for him", says Jerome.

While Witkin's photographs are very powerful images, what he describes as beauty screaming from this artwork appears to be more about attention, or perhaps sickness. Witkin completely exploits not only his voluntary living subjects, but what about the deceased posed nude, decapitated, armless, ect, he almost makes his own case for how truly unethical his "art work" is.

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Competition in society

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The "competition-promoting" purchasing practices are Multiple Sourcing, Short-term Contracting, Competitive Bidding, and Fully developed specifications. Multiple Sourcing is designed to assure availability among all of the required materials. Short-term contracting is designed to get the full benefits of changing markets and to help search for better alternatives. Competitive bidding is designed to help achieve the best price for a product in a given market through a competitive environment. Finally, Fully developed specifications are designed to ensure the correct and uniform product quality. Another rationale for this practice is to promote a competitive buying environment and to exploit a competitive situation. One of the major concerns of buyers in formulating their purchasing strategies is the price of the product.

Under this competitive condition to protect the normal profit margin, a supplier must reduce its long term production cost through innovation and improved efficiency. Those who don't choose this route will eventually be forced out of the market. Short term contracts for smaller volumes also means that individual suppliers must deal with many customers. A level change requires the use of more overtime workers or frequent hiring or laying off of workers. In this case direct and indirect labor costs tend to be higher under this option, and the production cost will increase as a result.

The buyer-supplier relationship is affected by the purchasing strategies in many different ways. The multiple sourcing and competitive bidding strategies requires that a buyer provide potential suppliers with developed and precise described product specifications. The buyer must insist that suppliers conform strictly to the specifications. Since suppliers are committed to the current contract only they are less likely to take the initiative to consider modifications that may improve product quality. By frequently changing a supplier a buyer deprives his/her current supplier of the chance to reduce its production cost through the extended learning-curve effect. Competitive bidding tends to put an emphasis on the lowest price. Suppliers under this pressure sometimes feel forced to cut prices. Many suppliers' decisions tend to be based on short-term rather than long-term considerations. Continuous and Harmonious effort from the buyer and supplier, to improve the supplier's cost structure is what leads both parties to the real savings.

Please note that this sample paper on Competition in society is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Competition in society, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Competition in society will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Contemporary Organisations can be structured in a variety of ways to meet their objectives. With reference to current business practice, academic models and theory, critically examine current influences on organisational structure and design'

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The following essay will first attempt to define exactly what is meant by organisational structure before analysing the complex internal and external influences that impact upon the strategy and structure an organisation will eventually adopt to deal with the problems they will face. This will be done using both real life examples as well as the theory that supports it to identify the potential sources of success and failure of which both profit and non-profit organisations should be aware.

Within the business and academic world there are a number of definitions that attempt to define exactly what an organisation is, however for the purposes of this essay it can be seen as

'a social arrangement for achieving performance in pursuit of collective goals' Huczynski and Buhcanan (001) p.5

These goals can vary greatly depending on the exact nature of the organisation, such as whether it is private sector (profit motivated) or public sector (aiming to provide a service to justify tax spending) as well as whether it is a production or

service organisation. Contemporary or modern organisations can therefore be structured and designed in a number of different ways to meet their goals.

Huczynski and Buchanan (001) p.447 define organisational structure as

'the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, co-ordinates and motivates employees so that they work together to achieve organisational goals'

In effect this means that the aim of the organisations structure should be to support the direction it wishes to take by allowing effective communication and co-operation from all its employees. As this definition shows structure is also an important aspect in the motivation of employees. Often it can be a vital factor in allowing employees, particularly those at lower levels (e.g. on the shop or factory floor), to feel valued and that there ideas/decisions are being considered. A desired consequence of this will be a positive impact upon their performance and there consequent relationships with the customers.

Child (184) identifies five aspects that are important to consider when looking at the structure of an organisation namely, specialisation, hierarchy, integration control, and grouping. Specialisation is concerned with the skills of the companys employees in terms of the variety of jobs they will perform. A more specialised workforce, which are usually found in larger organisations, will be assigned specific roles within the organisation where as a less specialised workforce will be asked to carry out a number of jobs that require a varying range of skills.

Hierarchy refers to the number of levels of authority that are found within an organisation. An organisation with a flat hierarchy will have only one or possible two levels separating its managing director at the top from its employees on the shop or factory floor and this can have its benefits and problems. As well as reducing Personnel costs, flattening the hierarchy of an organisation can also help to speed up the communication process between employees and there managers by reducing the number of levels that the information needs to pass through. The disadvantage is that there is increased responsibility on the current managers that can lead to demotivation problems if they feel they are being overworked. Conversely an organisation with an extended hierarchy, such as the catholic, may have up to five levels between its most senior and lowest employees, in the case of the catholic church there is - the parish, bishop, archbishop, cardinal and the Pope.

Lawrence and Lorsch cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (001) use the term integration to refer to

The process of achieving unity of effort among the previously differentiated sub-systems in order to accomplish the organisational task

Differentiation in a business sense is the arrangement of individual jobs or tasks and so in effect integration is the way in which information is communicated between these different groups and/or departments within the organisation. This integration aspect of structure becomes increasingly important as the size of the company increases in order to ensure that all employees continue to work towards a common goal. Integration is equally important in a marketplace where environmental uncertainty is high, as communication of any external changes is required to be delivered quickly and clearly throughout the organisation in order to ensure that the correct strategy is being employed.

Control is another important aspect of organisational structure and helps to prevent unwanted behaviour from employees that may effect the efficiency of the way it is run. An important question that needs to be answered however when designing a structure is how much control to retain over employees and how much freedom should be given for them to make their own decisions. This means that this aspect is not as simple as it may at first appear, as issues such as who retains ultimate responsibility and accountability for decisions made by all employees is a difficult one and therefore a number of managers may be wary of allowing decisions to be made for them.

The final aspect of structure identified by child is that of grouping. Organisations can group their employees in numerous ways. The traditional product and functional based methods explained within this essay as well as geographical grouping, where employees of different and complementary skills are co-ordinated in a particular location (e.g. A field office) are three such ways.

In order to first show the full importance of an appropriate structure and design within an organisation, the problems that an inappropriate structure can cause will first be highlighted. The first of these problems, as previously stated, is that of motivation, which could be affected by lack of clarity as to what is expected of people, the perception that they have little responsibility and recognition and the fact that some employees could become overworked as they have no efficient way of communicating with others to tell them what they require. A large US financial services company was one such organisation that had this problem of demotivation, which could have been avoided had they paid more attention to the way they were structured and operated. After a period of sustained growth for their business, client numbers began to decline and in an attempt to restructure it was rumoured that a number of people would be made redundant, this unfortunately lead to demotivation amongst the staff and when people where eventually laid off many sued claiming they had been discriminated against.

An inappropriate structure can also mean that necessary information is not transmitted to the people who need it on time, decision makers are overloaded and there is no way to evaluate decisions made in the past leading to a delay in the decision- making process and a lack of quality and faith in these decisions. A final problem of that could be encountered if a deficient structure is in place is a possible lack of co-ordination and conflict within the organisation both as a whole and within the individual departments. This would be down to the fact that each department would be aiming to achieve in their own individual goals and priorities, which would often conflict with each other, causing them to lose sight of the goals set out by the organisation. A combination of these problems would for most organisations lead to increasing costs and a resultant loss in profits for those in the private sector and drop in the quality of service for those in the public sector, which if long term could prove fatal.

Up until approximately the last decade organisations had been structured in traditional ways depending on the type of business they are in, namely either Functional or Product Based. A functional structure is one that is based on groupings of the major functions within the business such as production or sales (Appendix 1a). This type of structure allows organisations to utilise necessary skill sets when they are required as each group is instantly available. It also provides employees with good opportunities for career development and promotion thus aiding in their motivation. However a functional structure can lead to conflicting issues between the different groups, as well as making it difficult to adjust to any product diversification that the company may wish to achieve.

Conversely a product based structure (Appendix 1b) is one in which the organisation divides its workforce into groups that work on individual products or product ranges depending on the size of the organisation. Each group would carry its own functional specialisms and this form of structure has become popular with those who provide a large number of products or services such as the NHS (National Health Service) in the United Kingdom. A product-based structure allows for greater diversification in the number of products and/or services they can offer and also allows an organisation to cope better with external environmental changes than a typical functional structure. Despite these advantages conflict between departments can still occur, without strong management at higher levels, with each product group/team attempting to promote their own work to the detriment of others.

In recent years these traditional structures are being modified greatly and in some cases completely re-invented as structures within contemporary organisations are increasingly arising in a direct response to the influences of both external and internal factors. In fact the levels of turbulence within the market place in which a company operates can have a significant influence on the structure that is adopted as a rapidly changing environment, such as the airline industry, will require the company to be more flexible. An organic rather than a mechanist structure would therefore need to be deployed. These external factors, which will impact upon an organisations strategy and its resultant structure, can be examined in detail using the well-recognised PESTLE analysis that is comprised of political, social, technological, legal and ecological issues.

At some point each of these factors will impact upon both the formal and informal systems that operate within the organisation, although as this essay will highlight some will have a greater influence than others. Often these PESTLE factors are even interrelated, operating in a series complex ways to trigger organisational change.

Of these external factors many consider that the social and economic issues will have the most significant impact upon the structure of an organisation. Hannagan (18) p.7 states that

"If disposable income falls, consumers will continue to buy necessities, but will reduce spending on luxuries"

Along with the influence of social trends, this means that demand for certain luxury products, such as certain styles of video recorder or television sets, can vary greatly. Therefore an organisation needs to be aware of the potential future sales levels for the product/service they offer and be structured accordingly to any adjust changes.

The behaviour of competitors is a further economic factor that needs to be considered as being able to adjust to new product releases and changes in competitor strategy (including technological innovations that may allow them to improve their operations) can mean the difference between success and failure, particularly in oligoloplistic marketplaces that contain a large number of highly-competitive, profit making firms.

An equally important social factor to consider when designing and implementing a structure is the availability of required skills in the local community, or nationally for larger organisations, which will have an impact upon the amount of control they wish to retain over their employees. In regions or countries where higher skilled employees are available they may be more inclined to allow staff at lower levels (e.g. the shop floor) the authority to make minor decisions concerning issues such as refunds and faulty product returns than lower skilled staff. For example a multi-national company such as Nike would be perfectly happy to allow an employee in a UK high street to use their own judgement on certain issues but more wary to allow an employee on a factory on an LEDC, (less economically developed country) such as India or China to take decisions on its operation.

From a political and legal stand point government policies, including health and safety regulations, as well as the effects of taxation will need to be considered to ensure that they can be effectively communicated throughout the company. This would be particularly important in the air transportation business where a failure to communicate clearly could result in catastrophic consequences and the demise of the organisation. Closely related to these politics are the ecological issues and related external pressure groups, Greenpeace being the most widely known, that need to be considered as in certain cases they can be extremely influential when it comes to the publics opinion of an organisation.

As was previously mentioned as well as the external influences on an organisation there are also a number of influences that originate from within the company (internally) that may affect the way it is structured and designed.

Technology within the organisation is one such internal factor, as the quality and availability of technology to employees and management can greatly aid or hinder integration (communication) by allowing information to be gathered and distributed effectively and quickly to the employees who require it when they require it. This becomes increasingly important as an organisation increases in size as suitable use of this technology can allow people who work together to not necessarily have to be in the same room or even building and so as well as saving on travel expenses employees can be situated in a workplace nearer to the materials they require or their customers.

Organisational culture is the characteristic spirit and belief of an organisation (Torrington and Hall, 18 p.88)

It incorporates issues such as beliefs about how people should treat each other and behave, attitudes to internal changes and the nature of working relationships. Very much related to structure culture is developed over an extended period of time, unlike structure however it can be difficult to change. An example of a company with a strong link between its culture and structure is the advertising agency St Lukes. St Lukes, which is very much a contemporary organisation, was founded in 15 and operates a number of flexible working practices designed to ensure that employees continue to think creatively or "out of the box" when designing solutions to problems. Within St Lukes employees do not have their offices or desks and instead are encouraged to plug their own personal laptops into the nearest available socket. Monthly reviews are also held where by employees are invited to discuss openly and honestly any problems they may have with their own or a colleague's work. These flexible philosophy and structure is very much ingrained into of St Lukes and new employees must therefore learn to accept "the way things are done".

A study by the Aston team (Cited in Cole 000) in the late nineteen-sixties also identified that the size of an organisation will have an effect on the way it is structured. In this study it was determined that once an organisation increases in size to a stage beyond that at which it can be controlled by personal interaction more specialisation, standardisation and formalisation and less centralisation will be present. These changes are often necessary in order to ensure that an organisation can continue to retain sufficient control over its employees and that sufficient skills are available in the workforce to cope with increasing demand.

This essay has shown that there is numerous external and internal influences on the way an organisation may structure itself in order to achieve success in their own market. It has also shown that when it comes to designing and implementing these structures, although there is no one right or wrong answer as to what will work and what will not, an organisations structure should arise to support the strategy and direction it wishes to take and be constantly evolving, rather than fixed, in order to adjust to any new variables they may need to be considered. If an insufficient structure is being implemented within an organisation however the consequences can be extremely severe possibly even resulting in the failure of the entire business.

Bibliography

Online Newsletter - Managing change

http//www.itstime.com/aug6a.htm#study (Accessed 8th December 00)

Burnes (000) - Managing Change - A Strategic Approach To Organisational Dynamics - Prentice Hall

Carnall (1) - Managing Change In Organisations rd Edition - Prentice Hall

Cole (16) - Management Theory And Practice 5th Edition - DP Publications

Hannagan (18) Management Concepts And Practices nd Edition London Pitman Publishing

Huczynski and Buchanan (001) Organisational Behaviour An Introductory Text 4th Edition Essex Pearson Education Limited

Jackson and Schuler (000) - Managing Human Resources-A Partnership Perspective 7th Edition - Dave Shaut

Senior (17) - Organisational Change- Prentice Hall

Torrington and Hall (18) - Human Resource Management 4th Edition - Hertfordshire Prentice Hall

Please note that this sample paper on Contemporary Organisations can be structured in a variety of ways to meet their objectives. With reference to current business practice, academic models and theory, critically examine current influences on organisational structure and design' is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Contemporary Organisations can be structured in a variety of ways to meet their objectives. With reference to current business practice, academic models and theory, critically examine current influences on organisational structure and design', we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Contemporary Organisations can be structured in a variety of ways to meet their objectives. With reference to current business practice, academic models and theory, critically examine current influences on organisational structure and design' will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Everything That Rises Must Converge

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Everything That Rises Must Converge. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Everything That Rises Must Converge paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Everything That Rises Must Converge, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Everything That Rises Must Converge paper at affordable prices! In most cases, a child will adopt the values and beliefs that their parents believe. This could be religion, political views or even characteristics. However, it is also natural for this child to eventually think for himself and question the morals and values he has been brought up to believe. This rebellious stage in his life causes him to search for what he truly thinks about certain topics in the world. Most of the time, he finds his own thoughts and combines them with the beliefs he was taught as a child. In some cases like in "Everything That Rises Must Converge" by Flannery O'Conner, the child questions the parents' beliefs so much that his new beliefs are the exact opposite. This drastic view change can cause arguments between the parent and the child. In the case of Julian and his mother, the difference in beliefs is so extreme that both parties believe that they are right and the other person is wrong. Each side wants the other side to see how right their beliefs are so badly that they feel the need to shove their beliefs in to each others faces constantly.

Julian's mother was brought up to believe that Negroes are the lesser class. She lived on a plantation with her Grandfather who owned a few hundred slaves. The thought that Negroes are to be looked down upon is natural to her. This is the way that most people were brought up during her generation. She does not treat these people like dirt. She simply talks down to them and considers them not as well off as the white class. She naturally teaches these values to her son.

Even though Julian was taught that Negroes are the lesser class and should be looked down upon, he stands up against this thought and intentionally goes against it. He makes a point to talk to Negroes to such an extent that it is almost as if Julian believes that Negroes are the lesser class but does not want to be anything like his mother. Because of this he takes on the opposite position just to be different than her. He forces himself to sit with Negroes and strike up a conversation. He wants to find a dark girl to fall in love with just so he can prove that he is nothing like his mother. Unfortunately this tactic is transparent. We can see that he is only trying to be rebellious and not be like his mother. He even goes out of his way to make a point that Negroes are the same as the white class.

Julian admits that he has no reason to hate his mother. She did her very best to raise him. She sent him to college, fed him and clothed him, she even sacrificed filling her teeth so he could have his teeth straightened. He hates the fact that he cannot write her off as a bad mother so he finds a belief of hers that he can stand up against.

Julian's mother is stuck in her childhood. She can not and will not see the world as it changes. She like most people in the early 160's who do not want to change their mindsets. When she finally sees the way the world is changing and how her beliefs of Negroes are out dated, she can no longer handle the world. She does not want to be equal to a Negro and goes out of her way to put these people in their place. Her eyes are closed to the real world and finally when her eyes are pried open to see the world as it is, she is blinded by the light.

Wayne C. Booth's analysis, "A Rhetorical Reading os O'Connor's Everything That Rises Must Converge,'" points out that Juilan's mother is almost innocent in her thoughts. She wants to make things right but still can not see that Negroes are not lesser than white. Julian also does not see this and only interacts with Negroes for shock value. His mother is not the one that has her eyes shut, rather it is Julian who has his eyes shut to the real world. The only time he opens his eyes to the real world is when he pushes his mother too far. It is now too late to make this right and he must live with what he has done for the rest of his life. He is now forced to think for himself instead of thinking the exact opposite of his mother simply to shock her. She is no longer there is shock or rebel against. He must now reconstruct what he thinks about the world and come to his own conclusions. The real question is will Julian continue to go against his mother's beliefs simply for spite even though she is now longer there or will he finally grow up and think for himself?

Please note that this sample paper on Everything That Rises Must Converge is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Everything That Rises Must Converge, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Everything That Rises Must Converge will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sexual harassment

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on sexual harassment. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality sexual harassment paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in sexual harassment, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your sexual harassment paper at affordable prices!

1. Introduction

Sexual harassment, which includes anything from drawing attention to an individual's body, causing embarrassment and demanding sexual favours, is a powerful discriminatory factor for anyone at any stage of their career. It is the conduct interferes with an employees work or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment. The victim as well as harasser of sexual harassment may be a women or a man. Differences in power or status can be a significant component in sexual harassment at workplace. Like many other countries in Bangladesh also men have the power in organization and professional life, while women are in subordinate position. This gender power discrimination causes sexual harassment where women who are powerless, are the main victims.

The European Commission offers a broader definition of sexual harassment as, "Sexual harassment" means unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, or other conduct based on sex affecting the dignity of women and men at work. This includes unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct. This conduct constitutes sexual harassment under three conditions the behaviour must be

Cheap University Papers on sexual harassment

a) Unwanted, improper or offensive

b) Refusal or acceptance of behaviour influences decisions concerning a job and

c) The behaviour in question creates a working climate that is intimidating, hostile, or humiliating for the person.

(European Commission, 11 cited in Timmerman and Bajema4. Emphasis added.)

In Bangladesh, the Suppression of Violence Against Women and Children Act of January 1, 000, for the first time made sexual harassment a criminal offence punishable by law. Section 10 () of the Women and Children Act states that, If a man in order to satisfy his unlawful sexual desire touch a sexual organ or any other part of the body of a women with his organ or by any other object, it will be considered as sexual harassment.(Siddiquer R M, June 000)

The consequences of unchallenged sexual harassment are to poison the organizational culture, both in the long term and on a daily basis. So, prevention is the best tool to eliminate sexual harassment.

. Methodology

The essay contains some case study in Garment Factories, Banks, NGOs and other business firms to find out the occurrence of different types sexual harassment where most of the information are collected from Internet and magazine. To make the policy of prevention it takes the help of several acts like European Commission, Women and Children Act, Civil Rights Act, Equal Pay Act from home and abroad. The information for these Acts are taken from books and URL.

. Background

Sexual harassment is not new, nor is legal remedies against it. It has been recognized for nearly 0 years as a form of sex discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 164 states that, sexual harassment is illegal to discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, age, national origin, and sex. Title VII of the Act prohibits employers from, among other things, discriminating on the basis of sex with respect to compensation, terms, conditions and privileges of employment.

Sexual harassment in employment has been defined as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct that enters into employment decisions and/or conduct that unreasonably interferes with an individuals work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment. This guideline identifies two forms of sexual harassment

(1) Quid Pro Quo harassment; and

() Hostile work environment harassment.

Quid pro quo harassment Loosely translated, Quid Pro Quo means something for something. where the harasser demands sexual conduct as a condition for receiving a tangible benefit. This type of harassment occurs when an employee is required to choose between submitting to sexual advances and losing a tangible job benefit. An essential aspect of Quid Pro Quo harassment is the harassers power to control the employees employment benefits. This kind of harassment most often occurs between supervisor and subordinate. A claim of Quid Pro Quo harassment must meet several criteria

o The harassment was based on sex.

o The claimant was subjected to unwelcome sexual advances.

o A tangible economic benefit of the job was conditional on the claimants submission to the unwelcome sexual advances.

In quid pro quo cases, the harassment consists of Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.(Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Guideline #11(a)). Here Unwelcome means that the person did not invite or solicit the advances. This is determined by an objective standard and not the claimants subjective feelings. However, there is no requirement that these requests be express demands for sexual favors like, some one says, Sleep with me, or you will be fired !!

Hostile work environment harassment Hostile work environment harassment is unwelcome conduct that is so severe or pervasive as to change the conditions of the claimants employment and create an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment where working environment becomes so offensive as to adversely affect an employees job performance.

There are several differences between hostile work environment harassment and Quid Pro Quo harassment. Hostile work environment harassment does not require an impact on an economic benefit. It can involve coworkers or third parties, not just supervisors. It is not limited to sexual advances; it can include hostile or offensive behavior based on the persons sex. It can occur even when the conduct is not directed specifically at the claimant but still impacts on his or her ability to perform the job. Three criteria must be met in a claim of harassment based on a hostile work environment

o The conduct was unwelcome.

o The conduct was severe, pervasive, and regarded by the claimant as so hostile or offensive as to alter his or her conditions of employment.

o The conduct was such that a reasonable person would find it hostile or offensive.

.1. Bangladesh perspective

According to statistics provided by Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) showed that among the garment workers across the country, women account for about 15 lakh. According to the 15-6 report of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, female labour force participation rate is 51 percent. Of this, 6 percent are engaged in agriculture-related works, 7 percent in service sector and 10 percent in industrial activities. The report bracketed about 1 million female workers within the age -group of 0 to 4 years. However, with more and more womenfolk coming to employment, harassment of women in their workplaces is mounting in Bangladesh. Women of all ages endure various types of harassment in offices and factories. Young and unmarried women are the worst victims. No doubt that most of that harassment committed are sexual harassment, even sometime raped.

Sexual harassment is commonplace in garment factories and women are threatened with dismissal if they speak out. The study conducted by Action Aid Bangladesh, a British NGO, estimates at least 0 percent of women workers were engaging in sex at the workplace where the harassment committed by their "bosses" and "security guards". Even the journey to and from the workplace is fraught with danger. Women workers run the risk of rape and harassment. Even the garment factories in EPZ female workers including children, are sexually abused by Bangali and foreign managers. Apart from being touched, hugged, kissed and being "Compelled to satisfy the sexual appetites" of management in factory offices, attractive female workers are pressed into service as escorts for foreign visitors and sexually assaulted in hotels or guest houses. Some are sent abroad for training but actually "to be used as sex-slaves".

The tales of harassment of women are not confined to the garment sector alone. It has been going on in almost all places, even at times in very reputed and respectable establishments.

.. Case studies

1. A student of Narayanganj Art Institute, Simi Banu lived with her parents and three siblings in Khilgaon, Dhaka. By all accounts, she was a vivacious, independent and outspoken young woman who was also talented and ambitious. Simi helped supplement her familys limited income by decorating wedding venues and working as a fashion designer for a firm. The nature of her work forced her to keep somewhat irregular hours, and she often returned home late (that is, after dark), and usually unaccompanied. Once she became a victim of sexual harassment. In her suicide note Simi wrote that the kind of harassment she had to endure was worse than being raped and left by the wayside. Simis crime was to be young, single and female, and out in public, unescorted, after dark.

Simi was not weak in a conventional sense. She was a strong, independent, and educated person who was aware of her rights under the law. She had sought advice from a womans organization. She threatened to lodge a case with the police. But as a working woman from a lower middle class background, she did not wield much social or economic power. The police not only did not protect her rights as a citizen, worker or woman but in the person of SI Bashar threatened to turn its frightening power against her. Local community assistance was not forthcoming either, it was firmly in favour of the boys from the mohalla. Her immediate family could offer little but moral support, and even that was withdrawn toward the end. In the circumstances, Simi could hardly take threats of acid attacks and possible harm of family members lightly. Simi intended her suicide to be interpreted as an act of protest and resistance, and a (desperate) means of capturing social attention. She ended her note by stating that hers was a sacrifice made to save other women from such an awful predicament.( Dina M S, March 00)

. In 10, a widow working as a typist in a well-known NGO was sexually harassed by her Directors Personal Secretary. When the matter became known, the secretary disappeared from the office. Consequently, she could not follow up any legal course against him. Neither she was helped by her office in this regard. Her colleagues only sympathised her. The woman who later gave birth to a boy child said, First I felt the brunt of physical abuse and now, the pain of an undestined mental agony. (Mahfuzur R and Rezaul K, February, 00 )

. Another female employee of the bank alleged that one day their Assistant General Manager (AGM) called her in his chamber on the plea of official work and then started talking about personal matters. Why dont you get married? Dont you have any biological demand? she quoted their AGM. (Mahfuzur R and Rezaul K, February, 00 )

4. Findings

The Bangladeshi law is fairly straightforward, and deals with the expression of inappropriate sexual desire and conduct. The current sexual harassment law in Bangladesh provides a point of departure, it says only about the physical assault but absolutely silent about the mental assault. But sexual harassment can be committed in both ways, physically and mentally. For the physical harassment our law has punishment but it has nothing against mental harassment. Our law is silent whether any propositions or request of any sexual nature, comments about victims body or any organ of the body, showing any video clips relating to sex, jokes or derogatory statements will be treated as sexual harassment or not.

In our country since there is no law for the sexual harassment in working place or "hostile working environment" the employers are free from any bindings and to follow the law. There is no rule or guideline for the employer that will be, followed both the employers and the employee. Many of the offices do not have their own "harassment policy". Many female workers are subjected to different kinds of harassment in the office. When any complaint is made to the higher authority, the punishment takes place only in transferring the person concerned to another department. Is this the solution to end harassment of women in workplaces?

The complaint procedure section of harassment policy is critical to successfully processing a harassment claim. An employee must know to whom she can go to make a complaint. Once the complaint is made, the employer must take action right away.

In our country, the rate of sexual harassment is very much high in the garments sector and thereafter in NGOs. Garments workers are often the victims of harassment because they are powerless? In a patriarchal society like Bangladesh's, female workers almost never discuss their sexual problems with outsiders because there will be a negative attitude toward them. Even they could attack by thugs. If they are harassed they just leave the factory without saying a word.

Men have power in organizations and professional life, while women are in subordinate positions. Men often see them as objects of male desire. The sexual exploitation of women by men occurs when men have direct power over women's conditions of work. This gender-power relation creates "gender discrimination" and that causes sexual harassment at workplace.

From economical point of view, "wage discrimination" also an issue for sexual harassment. In Bangladesh many garments, factories and constructional site it is a very common scenario that male labour/workers are getting more money than female labour/workers though they do same amount of work. This "wage discrimination" indirectly indicates that men are more powerful then women, which is a key reason why women are always targeted or victim of harassment.

Finally, sexual harassment violates our Fundamental Rights guaranteed by our Constitution. Part III of our Constitution; Article 8 (sec ) states "Women shall have equal rights with men in all spheres of the State and of public life." But unfortunately in real life women are neglected everywhere. Again, in Article (sec ) states "No citizen shall, on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect if, any employment or office in the service of the Republic." If this Act is valid in our country then there should not be any harassment at workplace. But unfortunately we are not aware of the Acts of our constitution.

5. Recommendations

Prevention is the best tool to eliminate sexual harassment. Implementation of law, Acts, policy making and ensuring fundamental human right for all citizens for a secured society are the basic necessary steps for prevention.

At present we have Suppression of Violence Against Women and Children Act 000 where in section 10 indicates two things namely touching of a female organ and improper attitude though improper attitude has not been defined. This Act provides rigorous imprisonment of not more than ten years and not less than three years and monetary fine for sexual harassment.(Siddiquer R M, June 000) The Act should be amended both in definition clause and punishment clause. This Act only deals with the physical harassment and absolutely silent about the mental harassment and about its punishment. So, we must implement such a law that will deals with mental assault too where punishment should be specific for specific type of harassment. Because we believe until and unless both physical and mental harassment is not included in the law, both prevention and punishment will be impossible.

Secondly, Every employer has to follow a Rule of Modesty or its own harassment policy. The policy should include a description of conduct that constitutes harassment; a statement supporting employees rights to complain about sexual harassment without retaliation and a description of how to make the complaint; and an explanation of the procedure that will be used to investigate a harassment complaint and the standards that will be used to evaluate it. The policy should make clear that the company will not tolerate harassment and that offenders will be penalized and claimants protected, and that fair and objective means will be used to achieve these goals. The policy should be posted and distributed to all employees if possible; at least, it should be posted prominently.

The single most effective action any company can take is for its management to set an example and to speak out clearly and authoritatively. The best policy and program can be undermined or even destroyed if company leaders speak jokingly or derisively about sexual harassment, or engage in behavior that sets a poor example.

Third, The complaint procedure section of harassment policy should not be critical to successfully processing a harassment claim. Once the complaint is made, the employer must take action right away. The employer should

1. Inform the claimant of her rights to recover for any injury, which may have taken place. These rights will vary from state to state. Employer's attorney can provide with current information regarding claimants rights in its jurisdiction

. Promptly investigates the claim with sensitivity, care and confidentiality.

It is very important that the investigator be neutral and not intimidating, and that they make clear their goal is to arrive at the truth, not slant it or cover it up. The investigator should thoroughly interview both the claimant and the alleged harasser to determine specific charges and responses to those charges.

Forth, in garment sector the main reason for conduct of sexual harassment is garment workers are powerless. If they protest the assault or claim for justice individually, they are not going to get that. Workers organization or labour union can be the solution of this problem. Union will work for the welfare of the workers, help the workers to establish their rights and claim justice for them. But the activities of this type of union should be in a peaceful way.

Fifth, equality of opportunity in employment is the only solution of "gender discrimination" in professional life. Employer should be careful about Equal Opportunity Acts written in Article of our Constitution (mentioned at the end of the Findings of this essay) and may not practice gender discrimination in the recruitment, promotion, transfer, dismissal, and retirement of employees.

Sixth, to remove "wage discrimination" from the working place we must implement Equal Pay Act (EPA) in our country. The act that requires male and female workers receive equal pay for work requiring equal skill, effort and responsibility, and performed under similar working conditions.

Finally, we must show our respect to our Constitution and follow the Articles specially, Article 8 & because these two Articles play indirectly an important role to stop sexual harassment from not only the workplace but also from the society.

6. Conclusion

Sexual harassment is an unwelcome and unwanted conduct of sexual nature. We must stop this sexual harassment as we are promised to create a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human right and freedom, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens. We have also guaranteed the right to life and liberty of all the people. Moreover, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) directs all the state parties to take appropriate measures to stop all kinds of discrimination against women. As a signatory of this International documents, we must follow some effective measures.

1. Siddiquer Rahman Miah. "Nari o Shishu Nirjaton Domon Ain abog Joutuk NirodhAin" Kamrul Book House, Dhaka, June 000.

. Dina M. Siddiqi. "Sexual Harassment and the Public Woman" Daily Star Weekly Magazine March 00.

. Mahfuzur Rahman and Rezaul Karim. "Harassment and hazards of working women in Bangladesh" The Daily Star 0 February 00. (www.dailystarnews.com/law/000/01/)

4. Mohammed Ziaul Hoque. "Sexual Harassment in Bangladesh Prevention and penalty" The Daily Star 7 October 00. (www.dailystarnews.com/law/0010/04/)

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Hamlet's undicovered country

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The Undiscovered Country

Nothing is certain but death. It is the only inevitability in life, the great equalizer, the future to which humanity grows, leans, reaches. Yet the fear of death is a constant one, universal and unavoidable. Hamlet deeply experiences this fear of death and it is in his most famous soliloquy that he voices his dread and confusion concerning this inevitable end, closer in time and mind perhaps, given his present circumstances. All the soliloquies in Hamlet, and indeed in all of Shakespeare's works, serve to characterize, and it is through this method of characterization that one is most clearly aware of the strengths, weaknesses and conflicts of the speakers. In Hamlet, the "To be or not to be" soliloquy fleshes out Hamlet's tragic flaw, illustrating the debilitating effects of fear on action. An intentionally ambiguous speech, this soliloquy is subject to numerous interpretations, each lending itself to a slightly different characterization of Hamlet. Whether Hamlet speaks of his own impending death, or his father's untimely one, depends upon the interpretation.

One interpretation of this speech is that Hamlet speaks of his father's death. Hamlet's meeting with the Ghost has brought the idea of a disagreeable afterlife into his mind. The Ghost speaks only fleetingly of his state in the afterlife, but what he says is potent and terrifying. He speaks of, "sulf'rous and tormenting flames" (1.5.6), being forced, "to fast in fires" (1.5.16), and tells Hamlet, "But that I am forbid/ To tell the secrets of my prison house, / I could a tale unfold whose lightest word/ Would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young blood, / Make thy two eyes, like stars, start from their/ spheres, / Thy knotted and combin᠗d locks to part, / And each particular hair to stand an end, / Like quills upon the fearful porpentine. / But this eternal blazon must not be/ To ears of flesh and blood" (1.5.18-8). It is not surprising that Hamlet should dwell on death and the afterlife after hearing these tormented words. His speech, following this interpretation, shows his obsessive concern for his father and his fear that a similar fate will be visited upon himself. He is terrified for his father, trapped in a fiery hell, and wishes to release him from that damnation. But he fears for himself as well and cannot move beyond his fear. Thus he is unable to act when faced with such a picture of death as painted by the Ghost. He fears that by acting he will be risking the terrible fate that his father has been dealt. He fears that by saving himself, he will be further damning his father. In order to free his father, he must act. But in acting, he risks being thrown into the terrible world his father inhabits. He is unable to move beyond this conflict and is hence paralyzed by uncertainty and fear. This interpretation characterizes Hamlet as a tortured man, unable to move beyond his grief, unable to act in the face of that grief, unable to reconcile thought with action because of his fear.

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"A Rose for Emily"

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Reaction Essay to "A Rose for Emily"

"A Rose for Emily" was written by William Faulkner, and published in 11. This story is about a single lady living in a rundown house, with only her Negro servant Tobe to count on. The town of Jefferson wants money for taxes, her place cleaned up, and to get rid of the nasty smell coming from her house. Although most of the town dislikes Mrs. Emily, a select few have respect for her. No matter what time of the day it is there is some new gossip being spread throughout the streets about Mrs. Emily. The town finds Mrs. Emily as a burden upon them all. In the end, they find Mrs. Emily not only to be a burden upon the town of Jefferson, but a murder too. Emily Grierson was demented, selfish, and well talked about in the town of Jefferson.

Mrs. Emily was demented in many different ways. When her father died, she refused to accept it. She kept the dead body for days, until the town said they were going to resort to law enforcement. Only then did she let them bury him. After this little incident, the town tried sending letters to Mrs. Emily telling her she needed to pay her taxes. After many attempts that led them nowhere, they sent two men to her house. After trying to persuade Mrs. Emily she needed to pay her taxes she replied, "I have no taxes in Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris explained it to me. Perhaps one of you can gain access to the city records and satisfy yourselves." (Pg ) After the men and her argued for several minutes she still concluded, "See Colonel Sartoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson." (Pg 0)

Hawkins

Not only was she demented, but also she was selfish. She made a trip to the druggist one day to buy some poison. She told him she wanted the best he had. Mrs. Emily told him she wanted Arsenic. The druggist replied, "If that's what you want. But the law requires you to tell what you are going to use it for." (Pg) Mrs. Emily did not reply, she just stared at him. The druggist sold her the Arsenic anyways. In this case, Mrs. Emily was being selfish because she would not tell the druggist what she was planning to use the poison for. She put his job in jeopardy without any second thoughts. Mrs. Emily felt as if she was better than everyone else. She thought she needed no reason for her actions, and acted as if the town owed her something.

Another example of her showing her selfish attitude was with Homer Barron. He was part of a construction crew that came to the town for a short time. Mrs. Emily and Homer hit it off from the start. For some reason they took a liking to each other. When it came time for Homer to leave Mrs. Emily was not very happy. She used the poison she bought at the druggist and poisoned Homer Barron so he could never leaver her house. No on in the town new what she did, they just thought that homer had left for good.

"Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town." (Pg ) The town loved to gossip about Mrs. Emily. Her every move was watched by the nosy towns people. It was as if she was in a movie and she was the main character. People tried to talk to her servant Tobe, but he just ignored them and acted as if he had nothing to say. The whole town new about her buying the Arsenic.

Hawkins

They all concluded saying, "She will kill herself." (Pg) The towns people also said it would be the best thing if she did kill herself. This showed that the town was tired of putting up with her and most everyone was ready for her to pass on.

In the end, she did die. The entire town came to her funeral. The men came for respectful affection for a fallen moment and the women just out of curiosity to see the inside of her house.

Mrs. Emily was like a landmark; no one could get rid of her. She was demented and very selfish, yet she lived a tragic life. Her only close kin, her father, died leaving her all to her self in a big house. She had a reason to be confused in the head. Over a long period of time she only was able to have two friends, one of which she killed. The other was just a black servant who she depended on. If Mrs. Emily would have moved on, and tried to make friends after her fathers death she might not of ended up dead so soon.

Hawkins 4

Work Cited

Faulkner, William. "A Rose for Emily." Literature An Introduction to Fiction, and Drama. Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia, eds. New York Longman, 00. 8-5

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About The Birlings

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The play opens with the engagement celebration of Sheila Birling and Gerald Croft. The party takes place in the dining room of the bridal parents Arthur and Sybil Birling's house close to Brumley. The Birling family is very happy looking forward unto this marriage as a most ideal financial connection to the business rival Croft.

The celebrations are interrupted by the appearance of inspector Goole, who enters and confronts the participants with the unpleasant suicide of a young woman named Eva Smith. He tells that Eva Smith drank some disinfectant and died that early night in the infirmary . It becomes clear that there must be a connection between Eva Smith and the Birlings.

Eva worked in the Birling factory two years ago. She got the boot for being one of the ringleaders postulating a pay rise for the workers. The conversation indicates that every member of the party had some influence on Eva Smith's life and way of death . Mr. Birling fired Eva Smith, Sheila complained about her to her new employer at Milwards, a cloth shop for upper classed society, so Eva was dismissed and again without any work. Gerald Croft kept her as a mistress . When she wanted to get help from a charity committee, Mrs. Birling refused help. At last the Birling's son Eric got Eva pregnant and was not able to persuade her to marry him for his unripeness and weakness of character.

After the inspector left the house, the Birlings turned to the question whether the inspector was a real police officer or not. They investigate calling to the hospital, where Eva Smith should have been medicated and to the local police station to get some more information about the suicide of Eva Smith or about the police officer called Inspector Goole.

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But they ascertain that nobody knows neither Eva Smith nor Inspector Goole. Suddenly the older generation, Mr. and Mrs. Birling, denies every responsibility, they even reject the accusations with great easement and Gerald joins them. Only Sheila and Eric still feel guilty and seem to have taken some warning and lessons from the event.

At the end of the play a phone call reaches the Birlings, to announce that there is a police inspector on his way to the Birling's House to ask them some questions about the suicide of a girl that just died on the way to the infirmary after swallowing some disinfectant.

1.. Characterisation of the play's characters

1..1. Mr. Arthur Birling

Arthur Birling is a very rich Selfmademan. He owns a prosperous factory. He as a parvenu is married to a social higher classed wife, whose name is Sybil, who often tries to take some influence on his expressions and his acts. But he is the leading character of the family. They have got two children Eric and Sheila. He pushed the relationship between Sheila and Gerald Croft to an engagement, for he sees many advantages for his own position in society marrying his daughter to aristocracy and for his business, as Gerald is the son of his greatest rival Sir George.

Arthur Birling is a very arrogant capitalist and has an exaggerated opinion of himself. He thinks that everything that he says is true, even when time already has proven that he is wrong . This can be recognised in his statements either about the political developments preceding the first World War, as he claims that ... The Germans don't want war ..1 and that Russia ... will always be behindhand ..., or in his opinion about the Titanic as an absolutely unsinkable ship.

When the inspector arrives, Mr. Birling thinks that it's necessary to point out that he was .. an alderman for years - .. and ... lord mayor two years ago..4 and ... is still on the bench 51, suggesting to the inspector his superior local position in the society of Brumley . He also talks about his relationship to the Chief Constable trying to threaten the inspector and to take his influence on the inspectors interrogation. But the inspector does not follow suit, for he is quite not interested in Mr. Birling's influences.

While the inspector's examination, it becomes clear that, even though Mr.Birling tries to present himself as a very kind and fair employer, he takes money at any time and at any place he is able to. He points out that his workers deserve no more than national average pay.

As a matter of principle he fired every ringleader - also Eva Smith, even he has to admit that, though she was a very good worker in the factory .

He covers his guiltiness arguing that someone in his position has to pay attention to his own capital and that this results in certain responsibilities as to try for the highest possible prices and to hold low the costs, especially the wages.

Close to the end of the play, he begins to show remorseful emotions, but not about his part in Eva Smith's story of life, but about a public scandal and it's consequences for his public image.

A scandal would mean an extraordinary danger for his imminent knightship, that would rise him or higher to the social status of his wife and equal to the social status of his son-in-law's family Croft.

He also is obviously very sorry for he missed the chance to speak to the inspector alone in order

to bribe the inspector to get the situation under control ( ... perhaps you and I had better go and talk this over quietly in a corner... 6). This proves his capitalistic view of life. He thinks that his money is able to manage everything and that everyone has got his price.

Even in the situation when it becomes clear that his son Eric is a thief, a soaker and responsible for fathering a child to Eva Smith, he voices that he would have been able to manage things for Eric if he had come to him earlier.

It's to be seen that money has got the preferred position in his existence. He cares more about his money than he cares about his position of trust towards his family. He also doesn't care for his fellow men or about the harm he causes to other people because of this attitude.

He shows his real character at the end of the play, when he is sure that inspector Goole is no real policeman but just a fake. He leaves every shame and conscience far behind and is just pleased that nothing has happened in reality. in his opinion everything turns just as it was a few hours ago before the inspector arrived and he is glad that nobody stands between him and his knightship. He does not even once think about for what kind of ideals a knightship stands for and that already his deeds, his behaviour and his missing conscience are disqualifying him for this status. He is so triumphantly relieved that he jokes about the whole situation, the inspector's questions, and the other's reactions. But his panic returns when the telephone rings again and the whole story seems to happen again.

1... Mrs. Sybil Birling

Mrs. Birling is the mother of Eric and Sheila . She was born in a higher social class than her husband and shows more class consciousness than her husband. She speaks upper class English using an aristocratic vocabulary and expressions.

Mr. Birling tries to copy her style, but often uses short forms and nasty expressions of the working class. So she often corrects her husband's and her children's speech and behaviour, which proves that she obviously feels superior to the others.

She discriminates her staff and even the inspector in a very expressive way. It seems not be necessary to her to thank her cook as a member of a lower social class for the excellent dinner he made for them.

She often tries to put the inspector down using irony and sarcasm, in opposite to her husband, who uses the social posts he filled and his relationship to important persons to put pressure on the inspector. She thinks that she has got the authority to bias the inspector, as he starts to ask unpleasant questions to her family.

She as a member of a charity committee has the possibility to help the poor and everyone, who is less fortunate in life than her and demanding for help or benefits . She does not work in the committee to help others, but in order to feel and to savour the dimension of social cleft between her and those people who applied for benefits or help.

The interrogation brings out that she also is to blame for Eva Smith's way of life and sudden death, too. She did not only refuse giving help to Eva Smith as a member of the charity organisation, but exerted influence on the committee to let them deny any possible demand or help for Eva.

She is even more hard-hearted than her husband, for she knew all the circumstances of Eva Smith's life, being an orphan who was for a long time without any work or money, becoming one man's mistress and getting pregnant by an other.

She knew that Eva Smith sought for help, for she wanted to change her life and that she tried hard to get things under control . Anyhow Mrs.Birling managed to refuse help.

Mrs. Birling feels no blame about her misdeeds and thinks that she decided everything the way a woman in her social position should do.

She perfectly turns the story the way she needs to seem innocent of any involvement in Eva Smith's death ... you're quite wrong to believe I will regret what I did ...7I was perfectly justified in advising the committee not to allow her claim for assistance ...8 I accept no blame for it all..

She thinks that she knows her family very well, but later on it is clear that she ignored many important facts about the members of her family, as the easiest way to handle things is to ignore every hint of a problem.. She has to cope with the fact that her son Eric is on his way to become an alcoholic and is under suspicion to be a thief of the family's capital assets, too. And she has to make up her conscience that she contributed to the death of her first grandchild.

This realisation is able to move her emotions and she shows first signs of regret. but at the end of the play, after the inspector left the Birling's house, Mrs.Birling shares her husband's easement and enthusiasm about the inspector being a fake. She returns to her old character and proves that she is not able to take either a warning from the instructive situation, or tolerance, or sympathy.

1... Sheila Birling

At the beginning of the play Sheila is a very naive and unripe young woman. She decides on her life adapting to her parents opinion .That makes her subjected to her parents. She really is in love with Gerald Croft and does not see this alliance as a marriage of business as her parents do. She demonstrates her love in her jealous reaction about the spring and the summer before ,when Gerald Croft did not meet her frequently .

When the inspector starts the examination she finds herself deeply involved into Eva Smith's

fate. Being confronted with the inspector's photograph, Sheila is really shocked identifying Eva Smith .

Suddenly Sheila feels responsible for her deeds and behaviour .She starts thinking about the kind of person she is This starts the alternation of her interior attitudes. She is candid and admits that she was the customer who exerted her influence and initiated Eva's dismissal from Milwards where Eva worked after being fired by Arthur Birling. Sheila recognises that Eva was not guilty in that situation but her own bad temper was to be blamed. She even wanted her mother never to go shopping at Milwards again. That shows how immature Sheila was at that time, as she did not think about all sorts of consequences for Eva's life being dropped out of her job. Short time after that she felt guilty and bad about her behaviour and told her father the story to get some advice, but he expressed that it was an irrelevant occurrence.

She is afraid that she is the only one next to her father, who is responsible for Eva's death . But the inspector gives her some hints that she and her father were not the only ones to be blamed for Eva's death.

She shows compassion and sentimentality. She wants to turn back the time to change her behaviour. She matures in this situation. She fully accepts her guilt and learns about responsible behaviour .

Sheila shows that she took a warning from the past as she says that ... I will never, never do it again to anybody . 10.

After she recognises that Gerald Croft had an affair with Eva Smith, she starts thinking about the kind of persons she is going to live with. This starts the alternation of her exterior attitudes. She separates herself emotionally from the others.

Later on as the inspector left the house, she insists upon her guilt unattached to what the others say.

She remains calm, and refuses taking the engagement rings from Gerald to get some time to ponder things over. She separates from her parent's opinion and behaviour for the first time, and she recognises, that she is not able to accept her parent's attitudes . Sheila is amazed and concerned that her parents are not willing to learn anything from the situation.

At the end of the play Sheila underwent a drastic change in character . She was a immature, giggling woman, who allowed her parents to shape her life, but now she reaches strength of character. She gets independent and shows that she learned about her responsibility to others, who are less fortunate in life than herself. She develops compassion and sympathy for all fellow men, not only for her class of society.

Her willingness to learn from this experience is contrasting to her parents' behaviour. Only Eric joins her development, as it shows that the younger generation is more flexible and able to criticise and change itself.

1..4. Eric Birling

Eric Birling is Mr. and Mrs. Birling's son. He is a young and rich man working at his

father's factory. He is the heir of the Birling factory and plans to get a higher

responsible position in the factory until he will inherit . But he is still under his father's

control and oftentimes he is not able to suit him.

Mr.Birling Unless you brighten your ideas, you'll never be in a position to let

anybody stay or tell anybody to go. It's time you learnt to face a few responsibilities .

That's something this public-school-and-Varsity life you've had doesn't seem to teach

you. 11

Mr. Birling is not really prepared to divide the power in his factory, for that is the

key element in his self - comprehension.

Because Eric is not allowed to fulfil his job with the kind of responsibility he wants

to have, he does not want to adjust his private life to any responsibility. If there is

any problem he always turns to the most comfortable solution. That is the way he got

an alcoholic, to avoid to recognize with his superficial life, his dissatisfying work and

with his parents who are not able to give love, understanding and trust to him.

He shows real emotions, first of all sentimentality about the end of Eva's and his unborn

baby's life. And a bad conscience about Eva favouring suicide before marriage,

because she knew him being an alcoholic and a thief.

In fact he recognises that Eva showed more conscience and greater ability to look

through all facades of the Birlings' characters and behaviours than he was able to .

She decided to deny the money Eric offered her, for she knew it was stolen. She

recognised that Eric was an unripe young man, who was subjected to his father's

plans for his life.

Eric was not able to tell his parents about her pregnancy. He hid their relationship

and stole some money from the factory to give it to her .This made it plain to her, that she

should not marry him. She knew him being too weak to bear up the marriage against his parents and their attitudes about a lower classed daughter-in-law. That is why Eric is also to be blamed for Eva Smith's death.

He thinks that it does not matter whether inspector Goole was a real police officer, or

not. He thinks that the things turned out about himself and his family are more

important than the question whether this story may have serious consequences for the

participants, for example for his father losing his knighthood.

Sheila It doesn't much matter now, of course- but was he really a police inspector?

Birling Well, if he wasn't, it matters a devil of a lot. Makes all the difference.

Sheila No, it doesn't.

Birling Don't talk rubbish. Of course, it does.

Sheila Well, it doesn't to me. And it oughtn't to you, either.

Mrs Birling Don't be childish, Sheila.1

[...]

Sheila But it doesn't make any real difference, y'know?

Mrs Birling Of course, it does.

Eric Eric No, Sheila's right. It doesn't.1

In a way he joins Sheila's development in character, as he is able to criticise himself at

the end of the play, but his faults will haunt him for a long time I'm not likely to

forget.14

1..5. Gerald Croft

Gerald Croft is the son of Sir George and lady Croft an old country family. The Crofts also own a factory Croft Limited and they are business rivals to the Birlings. Gerald wants to marry Sheila Birling. It seems that next to love there are other reasons for this relationship, for example a very positive financial business-effect that two rivals of the past can merge with each other now. His parents are not participating the engagement party. Even though they tolerate Gerald's decision, they obviously think, that though Sheila comes from a very rich family, their son could have chosen better out of a higher social class .

In the beginning it is not clear whether Gerald is also to be blamed for Eva Smith's death, just like the others. But then the inspector says that Eva changed her name after her discharge from Milwards into the alias Daisy Renton. At that moment Gerald Croft gets really a shock. He has to admit that he met Daisy in a bar among prostitutes, which is not a place a man in love planning to marry ought to be. Gerald offered Eva/ Daisy to live in the apartment of a friend then. At first he just wanted to protect her, but he claims that it was inevitable for him to start a love affair with her.

She told me she 'd been happier than she 'd ever been before.15

But Gerald left her after a while and gave her enough money to see her through for the next time.

Gerald feels bad because it came out that he was unfaithful to Sheila and he worries about his reputation.

He is confused about Eva's death and wants to make up his mind by himself, in opposite to Sheila who acquaints her feelings to all the others.

In that case- as I'm rather more - upset - by this business than I probably appear to be - and - well, I'd like to be alone for a little while.16

When the inspector left the house Gerald investigates and finds out that there is no inspector Goole at the police office and that no young woman has died at the infirmary that night. Suddenly Gerald joins his parents-in-law's behaviour and easement about the news that the whole story is a fake. That shows he is not able to learn from his mistakes for. He easily ignores all sorts of consequences for his mistress / Daisy's life, who exists in reality as he confessed.

Gerald entirely gets rid of the unpleasant story and continues to feast after all that has happened. Actually he wants to give Sheila the engagement ring, as if he had never admitted

having had an affair with another woman.

1..6. Inspector Goole

Inspector Goole is a mysterious person. He doesn't work for the police, but he knows everything about the Birling family Birling and Gerald.

In the first act Inspector Goole interrupts the harmony of the family circle, which is a situation of man different emotions and great exciements. This emotional situation makes it more difficult for the others to deviate from the truth.

He starts to interrogate each person alone and one after the other. One line of inquiry at a time. Otherwise we'll be talking at once and won't know where we are. if you've anything to tell me, you'll have an opportunity of doing it soon.17 or later One line of inquiry at a time. Otherwise there's a muddle. 18 He decides to examine that way for he wants to let anyone know everybody's fault. He separates every interlocutor and makes the others criticise.

The inspector doesn't care about Mr. and Mrs.Birling trying to suppress him. He does not feel that the Birlings are outclassing him and he treats them as equals. He even sometimes uses irony or sarcasm, to shake the Birlings' self confidences and beliefs.

Mr.Birling We were having a nice little family celebration tonight...1 Inspector I was in the infirmary looking what was left of Eva Smith. A nice little promising life there I thought..0

Inspector Goole says he just wants to find out every influence on Eva Smith's life that led to her suicide. And that's why I'm here, and why I'm not going until I know all that happened1, but in reality he wants them take note of it, for he already knows everything of the past. He is no supernal person with supernatural abilities, but he seems to be omniscient and personifies everybody's conscience. He wants to make the family including Gerald aware of their faults.

The inspector makes all characters feel guilty for what they did to Eva Smith. But some of them only regret their behaviour for they fear some punishment, for example Mr. Birling is afraid of losing the knighthood or Eric is afraid of bearing the responsibility for his theft or Gerald fears not to become engaged to Sheila.

Near the end of the play the older generation hopes that inspector Goole had been a part of a fakery, but later on he seems to be a forerunner of reality. Perhaps he came to give every participated person a chance to admit their faults and guiltiness and to act dignified in the second examination .

At the end there has to be said that there is the possibility that the Inspector could have been showing each of them a different picture every time. That would mean that there had been different women treated like that. But as a matter of fact all participants should not only feel guilty for Eva Smith's death but for their faults treating other people.

I think Goole can be seen as the personified moral of the play. He carries the guilty conscience of all the characters and shows it to them.

Four different aspects carried by inspector Goole can be found in four different passages of the play

In the passage of the first act as Mr. Birling is in the middle of a speech to Eric and Gerald about a man has to make his own way - has to look after himself - and his family too. He is cut off when the maid Edna tells Mr. Birling that an Inspector calls to see him. This might be a secret message by J.B Priestly enunciating that we don't live to look only after our families and friends but should care about other people and their fates, too.

The inspector criticises the superficial behaviour of the upper-class against the working-class. He defends Eva's demand for a raise But after all it's better to ask for the earth than to take it. He shows in his behaviour that he is against the Birlings lifestyle of class distinction. He thinks the poor have any right to aim high and to require a better lifestyle

from those, who own the world and are not willing to divide .

There is another moral statement in the passage as Mrs. Birling puts every blame for Eva Smith's situation and way of death on the unborn baby's father. She thinks of Sheila as a kind of woman of the street without any morality. Later on she finds out that this irresponsibl man was her son Eric. And it becomes clear that Eva rejected taking the money that Eric had stolen and rejected marrying Eric even though she was in a tight squeeze. As a moral you could say something like Don't put the blame too far away, it might catch you again.

The last statement of Inspector Goole is including the main message and the most important warning which Priestley wants to make aware of

,,[...] We don't live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. Good night.4

This means something already written in the bible, you should treat others like you want to be treated and that everyone is responsible for his neighbour. It also means that there should not exist any social classes, that everybody is as valuable as another, and no one is superior to the other.

1.. About Priestley's plot and structure by using a description of the tension graph to show how Priestley led the reader to the climax of the play and the surprising end

This is a picture of the tension graph, which shows the the telephone rings evaluation of the tension of the story which the author J.B.Priestley used. You can see by the balloons what the story is about and you can see by the graph what emotional movement the audience goes through.

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Hi, I went on a Saturday after working midnight shift to have triple piercings done. I went to someon new because of his manner and also surprisingly he offered me a great deal since he was doing three at once. As it turns out I didnt have a very good experience. The pain wasnt so bad for either my tongue, my septum or my nostril initially. Afterwards my tongue did hurt a lot when I tried to talk or swallow. My swelling was minimal and I couldnt figure out what the trouble was. Well, after taking a good close look at my tongue I could see that it was off center, crooked and very near the front on the bottom. Hmph. I went back to my piercer to ask him and he apologized and said it was his fault for using the wrong forceps. He said he would repierce me again when I heal. So he took it out. Now its a day later and I have bruising on the front quarter of the right side of my tongue. That is where the barbell was on the bottom. The day before I went so he could have a good look at my tongue. Since Im a translator at work, (spanish/english) I told him it was important that it not be in front of the major bend. He also looked underneath and said it would be great because my two large veins were very obvious. Yet, unfortuneatly he came oh so scarily close to one of those veins. His manner was very nice his personality was very good but, either his skill was off that day or he wasnt paying enough attention but, the tongue ended up being a bust. The good thing is that I found out that it isnt nearly as painful for the peircing as I thought. Another good thing I found out is that if the clamp isnt too tight it seems that your swelling wont be so bad but, if the clamps are too loose your tongue could move like mine did and when my piercer turned to pick up the needle he didnt know that my tongue had moved so much. Its just luck that things didnt go worse than they did. He was a nice piercer and I dont want to take back the tip, he was trying his best but, I am going to go and talk to him tomorrow to see about getting a refund for the piercing cost. My suggestion is to pre agree on placement with a dot on your tongue above and below before the piercer picks up the needle. I have to wait four more weeks before I can have my tongue done again. This also goes for the nostril and the septum that I had done the same day by this piercer. I thought the septum was level and was happy but, knew that it was on an agle off my face, (kinda like a car off its fram heading to the right while the rest is moving straight ahead.) When I found out that I couldnt just train this twelve gague to go straight I had that removed also. Good luck, know your piercers skill and reputation as well as their personality. This piercer was very nice and believed in universal precaution. He wasnt just a hole poker or anything but, his skill needs some time to hone itself. More later after the next try. Im going to post in the nostril also because that was the third unlucky attempt that I had. Jennifer

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