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The Avalanche Report
Hello! This is Yanal and Andrew live from channel 6 news. Today we have some horrible and devastating news, on both parts of the world. On the coast of Australia a huge tsunami has hit, wiping out half of Australia and killing quarter of the residents in all of Australia. While in the U.S.A the biggest avalanche in the history of the United States ort has just hit Washington, devastating the whole country. First Andrew will be explaining everything on tsunamis and how they occur.
Then I will be explaining everything on avalanches. Now we will go to Andrew and hear his research.
As you all know a huge avalanche has just hit Washington D.C, killing around 150 people, and leaving 100 in hospitals. This avalanche occurred in the Cascade Mountains, it had been snowing very hard for the past days. Roads were blocked and many railway tracks were smothered in snow, leaving all train tracks closed. Mean while snow kept on piling up high on the mountain above Willington. The situation was even worse then it looked, because of the stupidity of the railroad crews about avalanches. They had clear-cut the forest on the slope, above the town for fuel. Now huge amounts of snow was pilled up above Willington, with nothing to help slow the avalanche. The next day sleet and rain started to fall. Then late that night during a storm, a huge slab half a mile wide broke off the mountain slopes. According to survivors." It was like a whit death falling from the heavens. It advanced down, rumbling, exploding and grinding it zoomed down crashing buildings and water towers. Survivors dug wildly in the falling rain, and rescued 5 people. But not everybody was lucky as 450 people died. It's just scary that just 1 avalanche caused this much devastation.
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Now that we have heard the heartbreaking news, it is now time for everyone that's watching to know everything on avalanches from how they occur, why they occur, or how may forms of avalanches there are.
Let's start with what causes an avalanche. For many centuries and in many religions people have thought that witches, wizards and angry demons were behind the avalanche. A trial in Switzerland in 165 concluded in the thought that a witch summoned an avalanche and set it loose, which caused a woman to be killed because she was suspected to have been a witch. Beginning in the 0century people started to take a scientific approach to the cause of avalanches. They have determined that avalanches are a creation of heavy snowfall, steeply angled slopes and instability between snow particles.
CAUSES OF AVALANCHES
The first of the requirements heavy snowfall seems to be very obvious, however avalanches would not occur so often if mountains had the same snow conditions as anywhere else in the world. This happens because some heavy clouds that are unable to rise up above the mountains get stuck and the snow falls directly on the mountains, and slowly as the snow piles up it will become unstable and cause an avalanche.
The second of the requirement is steep slopes, which is also pretty obvious because if you were to put 80 feet deep blanket of snow on a flat mountain, it would be almost impossible for an avalanche to occur. However this doesn't mean that you need a very steep hill, in fact 8% of avalanches occur on slopes with 5 to 50 degree slopes! The most common degree is 5.
The third and last of the requirements is instability between snow particles. Stability is the attraction of the snow particles. When the stability is strong the snow particles stay together, but when the stability is weak avalanches start to occur. There are around 10 million snowflakes in a cubic foot of snow, which tells you that the snowflakes are really small. The attraction of these snowflakes continues to change as the lie on the ground. The unstable types of snow that are most likely to break are fluffy snow, sun crusted snow, depth sugar snow and surface sugar snow.
Depth sugar snow is an extreme unstable snow pack condition that forms when the ground is still fairly warm but the air is cold. So when the snow forms, warm air from the ground forms water vapor between the snow particles causing the snow to be unstable, and this makes it easy for an avalanche to occur.
So basically for an avalanche to occur there needs to be a big amount of snow, a pretty steep slope and snow that has weak attraction between its' particles. Now that you know the basics of how an avalanche occurs, I will be telling how humans can contribute to causing avalanches!
Most avalanches are triggered by snowfall or melting, but few of those avalanches are ever seen, and much less are ever experienced, by people. 5% of the avalanche accidents involving humans are caused by humans! Since 150 skiers have been responsible for most of the human-triggered avalanches. But recently snowmobiles have started to trigger many avalanches.
Now I will tell you about real human incidents where human have caused avalanches. Five snowmobilers looking for thrills in northern Utah were zooming up a ski resort when their snowmobile provided the extra pressure to cause an avalanche. In Wasatch mountain on November 8 18.6 snowboarders decided to go for a ride, even though the ski resorts had not opened. The first 5 zoomed down the slopes, but had no effects. Then the sixth man however pushed the limits of the fragile snow and triggered an avalanche, killing all the snow boarders. So as you can see avalanches are very dangerous things and can be triggered in many ways.
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF AVALANCHE
Now we shall move on to the next section on the different types of avalanches.
There are two main types of avalanches. Loose snow avalanches and slab avalanches.
A loose snow avalanche (also called a pure avalanche) is composed of snowflakes or crystals that are loosely packed. The crystals behave like dry sand the bonds between them are not very strong and they just lie on each other. A loose snow avalanche usually begins at a single point on a slope when a small portion of snow slips and starts to fall, knocking into other crystals on the surface. As the avalanche runs downwards picking up more snow, it starts form a flipped v shape.
If the snow on the slope is dry and powdery, the loose snow avalanche can travel at speeds up to 100 miles per hour, but if the snow is melting and wet the avalanche may only move at 5 to 10 miles per hour. Some loose snow avalanches stop after only 10 to 0 feet.
Un stable snow is the most important factor of creating a loose avalanche. The reason is that when you have a bunch of loose snow lying on top of each other is very unstable and any change in the balance will cause an avalanche.
SLAB AVALANCHES
The second type of avalanche is called a slab avalanche. A slab avalanche begins when cracks develop in the snow pack and a large piece breaks off, and then crumbles into blocks as it zooms down the mountainside. Many factors combine to make a slab avalanche, including the condition of the snow pack, temperature, weather, and wind directions. Unlike loose-snow avalanches, a slab avalanche brings down large amounts of snow all at once, making it much more power full and dangerous. One slab of snow might be more the, 1000,000 sq. feet in area (equal to three 100unit buildings) and more than 0 feet thick. As it tumbles down the mountain slope it goes at speeds of 100 miles per hour, and picks up more and more snow until it is 100 times bigger than its original size.
Unstable snow is also the main trigger behind slab avalanches. As storms occur more and more layers of snow are added, and if the snow that is packed on top of each other is not stable, then a slab of snow will be set loose causing a slab avalanche. Weather and temperature also create unstable snow layers. If cold days are followed by warm nights, then the crystals within a snow pack melt and then refreeze, weakening the bonds between them.
Snowfall and wind directions can also contribute to the creation of a slab avalanches. The added weight of a single snowfall can quickly produce a destructive avalanche. Winds can also create avalanches and unstable conditions if wind blowing up the slope hits the snow unevenly.
Both slab and loose-snow avalanches can occur on any slope, but they most often take place on slopes with angles between 0 and 45 degrees. Snow on slopes below 0 degrees is generally more stable and is not affected as much by the pull of gravity. Snow on slopes with more then 45 degrees generally does not have a chance to accumulate because its does not have a good enough angle. So know you know the different types of avalanches.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF AVALANCHES ON OUR EARTH?
Now I will be informing everyone the effects of the two types of avalanches on our Earth.
Loose-snow avalanches are usually not dangerous and don't cause a bad effect, but there are exceptions. Large loose-snow avalanches can carry humans off a cliff or berry them deep in snow, or they can also knock down buildings and clear forests.
Slab avalanches, because of there size, are almost always dangerous. A large slab avalanche will usually destroy everything in its path including trees, boulders, animals, humans and buildings. Slab avalanches composed of powdery snow have an additional destructive feature-avalanche wind. As an avalanche swoops down a slope, wind rushes ahead of the moving snow mass. This wind is a mixture of now particles and air around the avalanche, it is like a mass of gas that makes it difficult to breath. When the avalanche comes to a stop, the wind around it rushes out violently in all directions. If the snow fell vertically on an area containing houses it would hit the ground with a boom. Like a bomb the wind can actually blow down nearby houses.
AVALANCHE PATHS
Our channel6 report continues with avalanche paths. The course an avalanche takes down a slope is called an avalanche oath. Large avalanches trailing down the same path over and over again leaves a scar on the earth's surface. Such scars appears as a bare line on a mountain path or other wise a line of trees and broken down houses.
Paths can run through narrow gullies or across open slops. Although they differ in shape and length, avalanche paths all have three main parts the starting zone, the track, and the run out zone. The starting zone is where the avalanche begins. It is the zone where snow collects unevenly and where loose surface snow begins to become unstable. The track is the trail the avalanche takes as it zooms downward. The middle are of the track is where the snow is at full speed. The run out zone is where the avalanche comes to a stop.
Avalanches and the paths they create do have certain benefits. Since trees and large plants have been cleared from these paths, meadows are able to develop in spring and summer. Filled with grasses, small shrubs, and wildflowers. These areas provide necessary food for mountain dwelling animals such as bears, deer, elk and moose.
Avalanches have little, if any benefits for humans. Any interaction between humans and avalanches ends in destruction, injury and death. Roads and buildings built avalanche paths are destroyed. Each year, thousands of people around the world are killed or injured.
PREDICTING AVALANCHES
We are almost done our report but before we finish it is important for every one to know how to predict avalanches and how to stay safe. Avalanche experts determined the conditions that created avalanches, predicting them became a simple matter of recognizing those conditions. Avalanche conditions are being monitored closely in most of the mountainous regions that support population.
North American officials have developed a color-coded system for quickly classifying avalanche danger. Yellow stands for moderate danger. In a yellow area there is a low threat of avalanches. Orange stands for considerable avalanche danger. In an orange area there is unstable snow that could form an avalanche. Red stands for a high chance for avalanches. Going to a red zone area is not recommended at all. Finally there is black, which stands for extreme avalanche danger. In black zones the snow is very unstable and an avalanche can occur within the next hour.
Field observations
A great deal of information can be gained by simply observing a slope. One of the most basic measures of avalanche potential is the angle of the slope. This can be quickly determined by using an inexpensive instrument called a slope meter. Measurements with a slope meter will tell the angle of the slop. If the slope is between thirty to forty five degrees it can cause an avalanche. The direction the slope is facing can also be a factor. South facing slopes get the full effect of sunlight, while north facing slopes maybe in shadows must of the winter. The difference this causes is bigger then you think. In the northern hemisphere slopes facing to the north have bigger and more consistent avalanches, while south facing slopes are only dangerous during spring. The direction of the slopes may also influence the effect of wind. In the United States the wind comes from the west, which means western slopes are less likely to pose avalanche problems. This is because the wind blows the snow off these slopes and onto areas where the wind is blocked.
TESTING THE SNOW PACK
Another way of predicting avalanches is by testing the stability of the snow. There is two ways to test the stability of the snow. The first and easiest of the ways is to find a sample section of the slope where the immediate risk of an avalanche is slight. If the snow breaks away in slabs when a person walks on it, it is a sure sign of avalanche danger.
HOW CAN WE LIVE THROUGH AVALANCHES?
Nearly all avalanche deaths can be avoided. Two ways to accomplishing this is by stopping building near mountains, and to stop recreation on mountain slope. However both solutions are hard to accomplish
In areas where avalanches are frequently occurring, numerous steps can be taken to weaken their impact. On slopes above roads buildings may be built to stop the avalanche. Planting trees close together on mountains may stop avalanches from forming, or maybe just blocking them from the city. In higher areas where trees cannot grow you can put fences to block the avalanches. Large slotted barrels called snow rakes can help to slow down the avalanche.
Farther down the slopes where roads pass through avalanche sheds can be built. A shed with a side built into the slope is used to move the snow away from the roads. Near buildings stonewalls can be built to deflect the snow.
An interesting design that provides direct protection to buildings is a wedge-shaped wall built in front of the structure, with its points pointing towards the slopes. This wedge cuts through any coming snow.
PRSONAL SAFETY
For those venturing into mountains, there are a few steps to avoid becoming a victim of an avalanche. Before going onto a mountain, it is wise to have proper safety equipment, including an avalanche transceiver (a device that lets out a signal telling where you are) and a portable shovel. It is also better to travel in a group, that way if one person gets buried in the snow there will be more then 1 other person to help keep him alive.
People that are caught in an avalanche die in one or two ways they either suffer a fatal injury when they hit a boulder or a tree while sliding in the snow, or they suffocate to death shortly after the avalanche stops.
FINDING SURVIVORS
We are now at the final chapter of this report, we will conclude right after you learn how to find survivors. Survivors of avalanches are found within the first thirty minutes after an avalanche stops. By finding a glove, hat or another item you can tell that the person is near the surface. Unfortunately by the time rescue teams come it is too late.
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