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Empathy or Sympathy
Paul Laurance Dunbar was an African American whose poetry inspired by the struggles of his people. Although Dunbar had no direct experience of slavery, he believed African Americans continued to be treated as second-class citizens. Their freedom was limited due to their skin color. Dunbar tried to express his feelings of sorrow. He craved freedom and the ability to live like other groups of people. In order to share his sorrow and sadness Dunbar wrote poems. In this poem that entitled "sympathy " he uses imagery of a caged bird to articulate his desire for freedom. He uses the caged bird as a metaphor in all three stanzas. In the first stanza the bird desires freedom, in the second stanza the bird seeks freedom and in the third stanza the bird recognizes that he will never achieve freedom.
In the first stanza Dunbar uses metaphor to show that he desires freedom. He uses fragments such as wind, river, sun, and singing birds to describe freedom to his readers. The Sun represents warmth, life and brightness. People can see things better when it is daylight. The image of the shining sun elicits feelings of warmth and happiness. The power of the sun over the highest point of the land can be seen, when the sun is bright on the upland slopes. Although the sun is not available and upland slopes are not available at all times, with closed eyes one can feel the sun. The same is true of the wind. When Dunbar says, "when the wind stirs soft through the spring grass" it is like he can reach out his hand to touch the spring grass and feel the breeze go through his fingers. In "Sympathy" wind represents movement and happiness of life, especially when it is gentle and slow. Wind also evokes freedom because it goes in every direction. Wind can travel through the spring grass, desert and through the opening crack of a window or door. River has the same meaning to the poet. The wild river flows wherever it wants and makes a wild noise. A stream of glass is another image in this poem that intensifies his hearing. The sound of the river reminds the bird of freedom and wildness. Bringing the opening of first bud together with the first singing bird is not a coincidence. The two events represent spring and he intensifies the good feeling about spring. Dunbar feels all the beauty of nature. He uses metaphor to describe his own feelings to be free. Sun, wind, river and singing birds are ways to express his desire for freedom. He sees and feels freedom in society, all the opportunities that other people have, but he just desires and wishes to have them "I know what the caged bird feels!"
In the second stanza, he explains his desire to achieve his highest potential and break all the chains of discrimination. He is like the caged bird stretching his wings to fly, but is constrained by his small cage. There are visual fragments in this stanza such as blood, old scars and physical pain to represent his emotional pain. Dunbar represents society as a cage that does not allow him to achieve his potential. The swing on the bough and flying back to his perch and clinging are the symbols of freedom. He wishes for the same opportunity as his neighbors, namely other birds. He sees other birds singing and the wind stirring at will. Dunbar describes discrimination as being trapped in a cage. It is not like a wall because he can see freedom of the other people, but he cannot achieve it himself. Society deprives him of opportunities that others enjoy. But he does not lose confidence and struggles for his freedom until symbolic blood flows. These efforts and struggles have existed for ages. "A pain still throbs in the old, old scars and they pulse again with a keener sting". His ancestors have been fighting for years but have yet to gain complete freedom. He feels the pain of old scars, the scars incurred by his parents and grandparents. The injustice and suffering of his ancestor remains as scars. Despite these problems, he as the bird beats his wing and fight to confront the injustice of his situations " I know why the caged bird beats his wing ".
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