Should there be an Individual Flat Tax?The Pro Side

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While there are a number of different ways to debate the appropriateness of an income tax system, most academicians would agree that there are four broad categories that encompass the basic principles of a good tax system fairness, ease, minimal interference and conduciveness to economic growth, and adequacy.

Is the tax fair? Fairness at the basic level suggests that all people who are in similar circumstances should pay similar taxes. Under this principle of 'equal treatment of equals', one would expect families with the same ability to pay to have the same tax liability. Though not everyone will agree on the definition of fairness, most Americans will accept as fair the principle that the poor pay nothing, the middle class something, and the rich the highest percentage.

Is the tax easy to comply with and to administer? Whether a tax system is easy to comply with and easy to administer is a matter of subjectivity. In judging a system against this principle, however, one should examine the costs of compliance by taxpayers (out of pocket expenses such as tax preparation fees and legal fees as well as time spent on compliance) and the government's costs of administering the system. Complexity in a tax system has a tendency to feed upon itself, making efforts to produce a simpler and more equitable tax system even more complex. First, a progressive personal income tax structure complicates the collection process. Second, many IRS regulations exist solely to combat tax evasion and avoidance. As an example, one need only look at the cost of complying with IRA distribution reporting regulations put in place to assure that distributions are properly reported in income. Third, complexity arises from efforts to influence economic and social behavior. The charitable contribution deduction is an example.

Does the tax interfere as little as possible with private economic decisions and is it conducive to economic growth? In theory a good tax system is one where goods and services would be allocated in exactly the same manner with or without taxes. However, from a practical standpoint, the best one could hope to achieve is a minimal interference with economic transactions.

Does the tax produce adequate revenues? Deciding whom to tax, what to tax, and how much to tax requires social as well as economic judgments. Acceptance of tax increases depends not only on the government's current need for finance, but also on public values and opinions. The current status of the income tax system as our major source of federal revenue reflects the American commitment to taxation in general as the preferential (and fairest) funding method available.

History of the U.S. Income Tax

Prior to 186, the federal government relied primarily on tariffs to finance its expenditures. This reliance on tariffs served two goals first, to protect U.S. manufacturers from foreign competition and second, to

impose little or no burden on U.S. farmers, who were largely self-sufficient from their own production. Tariffs did, however, impose a burden on consumers who purchased significant foreign goods and services.

Beginning with the Civil War, wars have been a key element in shaping the U.S. income tax system.

On July 1, 186, Abraham Lincoln signed into law an income tax to finance the Civil War. Income between $600 and $10,000 ($10,00 and $17,400 in comparable 00 dollars) was taxed at %, and income over $10,000 at 5%. This early income tax lasted only ten years; in 187, under the Grant administration, it was repealed due to significant government surpluses. In 184, at the insistence of the Democratic Party, the income tax was reinstated in order to offset expected tariff decreases from the 184 Tariff Act. One year later, the Supreme Court struck down the income tax for not being apportioned among the states as required by the Constitution.

In 11, the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, allowing Congress to tax income from whatever source derived. In October of that year Congress reenacted the income tax with a top rate of 7%. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon was successful in reducing the top rate down to 5% when he left office in 1.

While World War I secured the income tax as a part of our society, World War II served to extend the tax to the masses. The income tax levied in 11 applied to fewer than 400,000 Americans. During World War II, the tax was extended to middle-income Americans, and top rates reached 4%. Following World War II, income tax rates declined, but that trend came to an abrupt halt with legislation in 150 and 151 to finance the Korean War.

During the Kennedy administration, the use of tax cuts to stimulate the economy became commonplace, and was used to stimulate a lagging economy in 164, 171, 175, and 181. Ironically, however, the 181 tax cut was followed a year later by the largest peacetime tax increase to date. Tax increases were enacted in 184, 10, and 1 to help combat huge federal deficits. During this period, tax code 'missions' became more numerous, adding to the complexity of the system. In an effort to simplify the system, Congress enacted the Tax Reform Act of 184, which expanded tax coverage, reduced rates, and simplified filing for low-income taxpayers. However, any simplification gains from the Tax Reform Act were quickly eroded by the enactment of the earned income credit for low-income families. In 00, Congress passed a sweeping tax reduction act in an effort to provide economic stimulus to a floundering U.S. economy. The results of that tax reduction package remain to be seen.

Is the Current Income Tax System a 'Good' System?

Clearly, the majority of Americans have issues with one or more aspects of the current income tax system. Following is an analysis of the current system using the four basic principles discussed earlier.

Fairness. A majority of Americans (67% according to a recent NBC News poll) believe the current system is unfair. As discussed above, fairness in the basic sense suggests that all taxpayers in similar circumstances should pay similar taxes. The numerous tax breaks throughout the current tax code make it commonplace for families with equal incomes to have very different tax liabilities in a given year. Many will argue that these tax breaks contribute to fairness since income is not always a reliable indicator of one's ability to pay. For example, given the personal exemptions and medical expense deductions, a family of four with a chronically ill child will pay less in tax than a healthy family of four earning the same gross wages. Conversely, some tax breaks appear to contribute to a lack of fairness in one's tax liability. Take for example two taxpayers with exactly the same income, one derived 100% from wages and one derived 100% from sales of investments. Are they in the same circumstances? Under our current tax code, the taxpayer with capital gains will have a much smaller tax liability than the wage earner. Taxpayers who choose to own a home have the mortgage interest deduction available to them, while renters do not. Theoretically, the lessor will pass his tax break through to the lessee; however, the perception of unfairness persists. The best known violation of the principle of equal treatment for equals is the marriage penalty, which penalizes couples for being married.

Ease of Compliance and Administration. Consider the following statistics In 11, the initial tax code was 14 pages; today the code and regulations together consist of 7.1 million words and 101,000 pages. The IRS currently has an annual budget of almost $8 billion and about 101,000 employees, almost one employee per ,000 citizens. The average estimated preparation time for Form 1040 and related Schedules A, B and D is 0 hours. If you have a business investment and file Schedule C, add another 10 hours. Last year, the IRS processed and compared over 1 billion information returns (W-, 10, 108) against taxpayer income tax returns. The current income tax code contains five separate conflicting definitions of a child, ranging in age from 1 to 4. In 17, Money Magazine invented a tax scenario of moderate, but not difficult, complexity and asked a number of professional tax return preparers to compute a tax liability. The forty-six responses they received back each had a different answer, ranging from $4,40 to $68,1 (the correct answer was $5,64). Not one professional preparer turned in an error-free return. Former Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") Commissioner Charles Rossotti has been quoted as saying "the cost of taxpayer compliance with this code is [more than] $80 billion per year, more than eight times the costs of the IRS budget. The size and complexity in itself can be a source of disrespect for the law." For millions of lower-income Americans, however, compliance costs are relatively minimal. Forty-two percent of all taxpayers file a single page tax return, whether 1040A or 1040EZ, and spend, on average, less than ten hours per year on income tax matters. Despite this percentage, most Americans continue to resent the tax code for its complexity due to the widespread perception that only the rich, through accountants and lawyers, can take advantage of the various tax breaks, shelters, and loopholes in the code.

Minimal Interference with Economic Transactions and Conduciveness to Economic Growth. Our current tax system is inherently non-neutral since it changes taxpayers' incentives to engage in various activities. Three particular examples follow. First, an argument can be made that a progressive tax disincentivizes workers who are successful in their efforts to earn more money by taxing higher incomes at a higher rate. To the extent the workers reduce their efforts in response, the economy as a whole suffers slower growth. Second, there is little doubt that the tax code influences the choice and composition of taxpayer investment portfolios. A taxpayer in the 5% tax bracket, when faced with a choice between a corporate bond earning 8% and a tax-free municipal bond earning 6% would choose the municipal bond, ceteris paribus. Third, the marriage penalty discourages entrance into the workforce. A study by William Gale of the Brookings Institution found that married women are less inclined than single women to enter the workforce because they are faced with higher taxes.

Adequate Revenues. Adequacy of the current system is in the eye of the beholder. Given the current size of the U.S. deficit, most Americans would either argue that the tax system is inadequate or that government spending is excessive, or both. As the above history of our income tax system shows, tax rates have generally been increased to finance wars. This year will break precedence with the past, as the administration and Congress have elected to combat the slow U.S. economy with a large-scale tax reduction even in the face of huge deficit spending resulting from the Iraq War.

Other Issues. Other issues often cited as reasons for the need to replace our existing tax system include the straying from American values, the undue influence of lobbyists on Congress, and the lack of enduring principles. From the very beginning of taxation in the U.S., taxes were designed with one eye toward morals and American values. Alexander Hamilton, the first Treasury Secretary, suggested early taxes be imposed "more as a measure of social discipline than as a source of revenue". Many Americans today argue that the current tax code promotes immorality, and cite the fact that a man and a woman with dual incomes will pay less tax by living together than by getting married. Political Action Committees ("PACs") and other interest groups continually lobby Congress for favorable tax treatment for their constituents; treatments that exacerbate the tax code's complexity and lack of fairness. In 15, for example, members of the Congressional tax writing committees comprised only 10% of Congress, but received over 5% of PAC money contributed. Finally, opponents of the current tax system cite a lack of enduring principles as a major objection to the system. To be effective, the tax code should be stable and reliable, not subject to revision and rewriting every year.

Alternative Tax Systems

The major tax systems available to replace the current graduated income tax system are a consumption tax and a flat income tax. Alternatively, the current income tax system could be modified to better fit the four principles of a good tax system.

Consumption taxes fall into two broad categories retail sales taxes/value added taxes ("VAT") and personal consumption (expenditures) taxes. Like state sales taxes, a national retail sales tax would add a surcharge to the cost of retail goods and services. A 'pure' sales tax would exclude all production inputs (goods and services purchased by businesses to produce their products) and would tax all sales of goods and services to the consumer. In practice, most states exempt 'necessities' such as food and medicine to ease the burden on the low-income taxpayer. Robert McIntyre of the Citizens for Tax Justice estimates that if goods and services typically state-tax-exempt are excluded from the national sales tax, a sales tax rate of 56% would be required to replace the current level of income tax revenues. The VAT, a close cousin of the retail sales tax, is currently levied in over one hundred countries around the world. The base taxed by the VAT and by the retail sales tax is exactly the same; the primary difference is that the retail sales tax collects the tax at the retail stage, where the VAT collects the tax piece by piece along the production process.

The most widely circulated proposal for a personal consumption tax is the Unlimited Savings Allowance ("USA") Tax, originally sponsored by Senators Sam Nunn, Pete Domenici and Bob Kerrey. Under a pure personal consumption tax all income is included in the individual tax base, and there is an unlimited deduction for net additions to savings and investment accounts (sort of an unlimited, unrestricted Individual Retirement Account). The USA Tax plan is a modified personal consumption tax in that deductions for home mortgage interest, charitable contributions, and Social Security contributions are retained, along with a annual percentage allowance for withdrawal of past savings. The USA Tax then taxes the net expenditure at graduated rates of 0%, 1%, 7%, and 40%.

Under a consumption tax, on the positive side, individuals would no longer be required to file tax returns (except for the USA Tax) and significant dollars would be saved in tax preparation and advice. Assuming the system is implemented and administered effectively, all individuals would pay the same rate for the same goods or services; that is, equal treatment of equals. Savings would be encouraged under a consumption tax.

On the negative side, administration of sales tax/VAT plans would be high because of the need for sales tax verification. As the rate increases, the potential for under-the-counter, off-the-books sales becomes greater. A national sales tax would likely be regressive, even with exemptions for necessities. As a percentage of annual income, consumption decreases as income increases. In addition, since most low-income families today pay little or no income tax, a consumption tax would hit the low-income taxpayer harder. The USA Tax will likely create a host of potential tax avoidance schemes centered around the incentive to inflate savings amounts and not to report withdrawals. A Treasury Department study of the USA Tax concluded that the plan would require "a more extensive system of information reporting and monitoring than does an income tax". Finally, since economic growth is directly proportional to consumption, any system which may curb consumption would likely lead to some type of slowdown in the economy.

As discussed above, the current graduated income tax system fails each of the principles of a good tax system, except perhaps for the adequacy test. Reforming the current system simply is not practical in the political environment in which we live today. Major revisions to the tax code have been enacted no less than ten times since the original tax was adopted in 11, and countless other minor revisions and 'corrections' have been adopted. The 186 Tax Reform Act, Congress' serious attempt at tax reform and simplification, has been almost totally eroded by subsequent changes, such as the Earned Income Credit. There are a number of advocates in Congress today pushing for tax reform; and yet, each proposal stops short of the level of reform needed to assure that the system meets the four principles necessary for a good system. For example, several proposals to eliminate tax preferences retain the charitable contribution deduction because "the effect on charitable organizations would be devastating".

Recommendations for A Flat Tax System

Unlike our current tax system that requires thousands of pages of code to decipher, a flat tax scenario can be explained in a matter of pages. Over the years, though many different flat tax scenarios have been proposed, the primary goals of each scenario remain relatively the same to promote freedom, fairness, and economic opportunity for Americans. Several members of the House of Representatives, including House Majority Leader Dick Armey, co-sponsored an ideal flat tax scenario. Their scenario, referred to as the Armey-Shelby flat tax, gives consideration to sources of income and family composition, and is indexed for inflation. Their version of the flat tax, which promotes equity among all classes and encourages saving as well as consumption, is discussed further below.

Under the Armey-Shelby scenario, double taxation of income is eliminated. Income becomes taxable only at its source, unlike the current system in which income derived from investments is taxed once when the income is received in the form of wages, retirement benefits, noncash compensation, profits from business activities, or winnings, and again when interest or dividends are earned on the original income. It is this feature that will promote savings by eliminating the penalty for investment. At the same time, consumption will also increase because taxpayers will retain a larger share of their wealth, increasing disposable income, rather than passing it on to the government.

Once income is categorized as an originating source, that income is taxed at a flat rate of 17% rather than the current marginal tax brackets that range from 10% to 5%. Taxes would thus be levied equitably on all taxpayer income derived from wages, retirement benefits, noncash compensation, profits from business activities, and winnings. This single all-inclusive rate eliminates the need for tax tables or the computation of the alternative minimum tax.

Allowances similar to current personal exemptions are made for the composition of the family under the Armey-Shelby scenario. Each taxpayer within a family is provided an allowance of $1,00; each dependent is provided an allowance of $5,00. Therefore, a family of four with dual wage earning spouses would receive an allowance equal to $5,00. The standardized $1,00 wage earner allowance eliminates one of the primary inequities of the current tax code - the marriage penalty. To allow for a transition period following the death of a spouse, surviving spouses are provided an allowance for their deceased spouse for three tax years following the spouse's death. A head of household is provided an allowance of $15,700.

Computation of the total tax liability would be a simple process. Income derived from an originating source would be subtotaled, and family allowances would be computed and subtracted from the income subtotal to arrive at taxable income. Taxable income would be multiplied by the 17% tax rate to determine the tax liability. Payments withheld from employees and any estimated taxes paid would be subtracted from the tax liability to determine the additional tax or refund due. Under this straightforward set of computations, a family of four that earns income of less than $5,00 would pay no taxes. Families with similar compositions would pay similar taxes on income above the $5,00 threshold, and regardless of the amount of income earned above the threshold, the tax rate would remain constant at 17%.

The examples below show that, as income increases, the effective tax rate under our current system also increases, but remains constant under the flat tax system.

Example 1 The Jones'

The Jones Family consists of husband and wife, John and Mary, and their two children, Bobby and Peggy. The Jones' have a combined income of $61,000, which includes $1,000 in dividend income.

Under the current tax system, the Jones' would be subject to taxes totaling $4,8, assuming a standard deduction of $7,850, personal exemptions of $1,000, and a child tax credit of $1,00. The effective tax rate on $41,150 of taxable income is 10.67%.

Under the proposed flat tax system, the Jones' taxable income would be $4,800 after subtracting their allowance of $5,00 and eliminating the $1,000 in dividend income. Their total tax bill would be $4,16. The effective tax rate on $4,800 of taxable income is 17%.

Example The Smiths

The Smith Family consists of husband and wife, Bob and Sue, and their two children, Mike and Sara. The Smiths have a combined income of $15,000, which includes $,000 in dividend income.

Under the current tax system, the Smiths would be subject to taxes totaling $1,77, assuming a standard deduction of $7,850, personal exemptions of $1,000, and a child tax credit of $450. The effective tax rate on $105,150 of taxable income is 0.67%.

Under the proposed flat tax system, the Smith's taxable income would be $86,800 after subtracting their allowance of $5,00 and eliminating the $,000 in dividend income. Their total tax bill would be $14,756. The effective tax rate on $86,800 of taxable income is 17%.

Example The Thompsons

The Thompson Family consists of husband and wife, Larry and Barbara, and their two children, Fred and George. The Thompsons have a combined income of $00,000, which includes $10,000 in dividend income.

Under the current tax system, the Thompsons would be subject to taxes totaling $44,866, assuming a standard deduction of $7,850, personal exemptions of $1,000, and no child tax credit. The effective tax rate on $180,150 of taxable income is 4.0%.

Under the proposed flat tax system, the Thompson's taxable income would be $154,800 after subtracting their allowance of $5,00 and eliminating the $10,000 in dividend income. Their total tax bill would be $6,16. The effective tax rate on $154,800 of taxable income is 17%.

Why the Flat Tax System is Preferable to the Current System

Advantages of the flat tax system over the current tax system are numerous. These advantages, discussed below, include simplicity, cost reduction for the taxpayer and the government, increased fairness, and taxpayer privacy.

Simplicity. The proposed flat tax scenario would prove to be a simpler and more efficient tax system than the current system. The tax return to be used under this scenario would consist of a form the size of a postcard, with a line for income, the allowances based on family composition, a subtotal of taxable income, and total tax due based on the flat 17% tax rate. As the form would be much simpler than the current forms used to compute taxes, the time needed to prepare a return would be dramatically reduced from hours to minutes. No longer will time be spent searching for the correct forms and accompanying schedules, or through the mountains of receipts required to reduce tax burden by an additional $5. Record keeping would also be unnecessary since the only requirements would be statements of income. Simplification of the tax return would significantly reduce the cost of income tax enforcement. The IRS time currently required to audit and review selected returns would virtually be eliminated, decreasing the necessary manpower needed to support the current tax system.

Taxpayer Cost Reduction. In 16, taxpayers spent an estimated $5 billion to comply with the current tax system a figure that came close to surpassing the entire defense budget for that year. As shown in the Money Magazine survey described earlier, the current tax system's complexity and the subtle nuances of the Internal Revenue Code make it nearly impossible for a taxpayer to file a tax return correctly. Professional help and advice that is essential for many taxpayers during the annual filing process does not come cheaply. These costs are evidenced by the sheer size of the tax preparation industry, and its steady growth over the years. If the current system were replaced by a flat tax system, taxpayers would be afforded the opportunity to spend tax preparation fees on improving their quality of life rather than on making sure that they are not overpaying their taxes.

Government Cost Reduction. Of the Internal Revenue Service's 00 budget of almost $10 billion, more than one-third, or $.8 billion, was used for enforcement and compliance. With the introduction of the proposed flat tax system, these monies could be used to serve better purposes. The funds that could be cut from the Internal Revenue Service's budget would be put to better use improving social welfare systems such as education, healthcare, and social security. Reallocating budgeted IRS dollars will improve the overall growth and health of the nation.

Many opponents of the flat tax system have suggested that the flat tax system would not be able to generate the same level of revenues as does the current tax system. This is simply not true. By some estimates, government revenues would actually increase by 1.8 percent annually. According to the National Center for Policy Analysis, "the increase in government revenues is driven by the increases in the majority of sectors in the economy and accompanying increases in employment of labor, capital and land." Taxpayers who are allowed to keep more of their income will be incentivized to earn more since marginal increases in income will not be offset by an increased tax rate. As discussed earlier, one of the barriers to married women entering the workforce is the marginal tax rate. This effect will have a positive outcome on the growth of the economy. In addition, the magnitude and associated costs of the Internal Revenue Service would be downsized in a flat tax environment.

Fairness. Arguably the largest complaint about the current tax system is that it is highly unfair specifically, taxpayers are not treated equally with regard to their respective tax burdens. Under a flat tax system, equality would be realized immediately. Since all originating source income would be taxed at the same rate, taxpayers would pay the same amount of tax regardless of the amount that he was willing to pay for professional advice or lobbyist influence. The need to seek loopholes or invent tax avoidance schemes would disappear. Unlike the current tax system, the simplicity of the flat tax system provides a tax code that is clear and concise with no room for interpretation, making tax avoidance nearly impossible. Another frequent taxpayer complaint is related to the perception of the Internal Revenue Service's unchecked authority. In reality that is not the case, but taxpayers often feel that they are at a disadvantage due to the overwhelmingly complicated Internal Revenue Code. The taxpayer lacks trust in the Internal Revenue Service, and its integrity has been compromised by its own inability to decipher the Internal Revenue Code successfully. With the passage of the flat tax, the lengthy tax code and the confusion and complexity that surround it would be eliminated, thereby improving the perceived fairness, trust, and integrity of the Internal Revenue Service and the tax system as a whole.

Privacy. Another benefit derived from a flat tax system would be increased taxpayer privacy. Over the past few years, significant privacy concerns have surfaced. The ease and availability of private information about consumers is staggering, allowing identity theft as well as providing companies with excessive amounts of information about their clients and non-clients. The alarming level of consumer concern for their privacy resulted in the passage of Regulation P, designed to curb the selling and exchange of consumer information. Consumers in general are at a point where they prefer not to release any more personal information than is absolutely necessary. The information contained a single tax return under our current system provides a wealth of personal knowledge about the consumer, including sources of investment income, assets owned, home ownership, medical expenses, and occupation. Taxpayer returns are seen by countless Internal Revenue Service employees. Under a flat tax system, the majority of this personal information would be eliminated from the filed return.

Summary

The above arguments clearly show that our current graduated income system fails to meet the tests of a good tax system. 67% of Americans believe the system is unfair. shown above that the current A national retail sales tax is an unproven alternative, and is likely to be an administrative nightmare at the rates necessary to replace the current income tax system. A VAT, while a proven alternative, is similar to the sales tax in that both forms of consumption tax will likely lead to a radical shift in the tax burden from the wealthy to the low-income taxpayer. Given the premise that Americans accept as fair the principle that the poor pay nothing, the middle class something, and the rich the highest percentage, the sales tax and VAT alternatives are not likely to be acceptable to the American public at large. The personal consumption tax (the USA plan) will likely be more complicated than the current income tax system, which also is not likely to be acceptable to the American public. Reforming the current graduated income tax system is not a practical alternative given today's political environment and the nature of special interest deductions and preferences.

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The Rural Health Clinic Services Act of 177 authorized the first Medicare coverage of PA services. Since 177, a wealth of reform has revolutionized coverage of PA services. Medicaid currently reimburses all medical services rendered by PA's at either an equal or slightly lower rate than that paid to physicians. Private insurers cover PA services for the most part, as long as they are part of the supervising physician's bill or a part of a global surgery fee. Additionally, TRICARE reimburses all medically necessary services rendered by PA's at 85% of the Physician rate and 65% of the physician's fee when the PA is the first assist in surgery. When it comes to Medicare, the Balanced Budget Act of 17 (BBA) has provided PA's with the most expansive coverage to date (Third, 1).

Over the past twenty years Congress expanded Medicare Part B payment to cover services rendered by PA's only in hospitals, nursing facilities, rural Health Professional Shortage Areas (rHPSA), and surgery as first assist. Since the enactment of the BBA on January 1, 18, PA coverage has been expanded even further. Some important changes to Medicare coverage resulting from the BBA involve the removal of practice location restrictions, increased reimbursement rates, independent contractor arrangements, and the issuance of provider numbers. The removal of the restrictions on the type of areas and settings in which PA's can serve and still be covered by Medicare is one change authorized by the BBA that has made a large impact on the PA profession. PA's can now practice in all settings, i.e. hospitals, nursing facilities, homes, offices, clinics, and surgical first assisting, and still be reimbursed by Medicare. Another change in Medicare reimbursement is the new fee schedule for PA's. In all settings, PA's are now reimbursed at 85% of the physician fee schedule. In some settings, this is an increase. Prior to the BBA, PA services in the hospital setting were reimbursed at 75% and PA services as surgical first assist were reimbursed at 65%. Under the BBA, PA's can now opt to select a W- or an independent contractor employment arrangement, however payment is only made to the PA's employer regardless of the employee arrangement(Expanded, 1-). An additional change in Medicare policy is the new requirement that PAs who serve Medicare patients have a provider identification number (PIN). Services can now be billed separately under the PAs own PIN (Moore, 1). Lastly, Medicare altered some of their billing requirements. Prior to 18, PAs were directed to use modifier codes to discriminate services rendered in hospitals, nursing facilities, and rHPSA. This is no longer a Medicare requirement. The only time PAs must use a modifier code is when they first assist in surgery (Expanded, 1-).

An important billing issue that remained unchanged by the BBA is the ability of PAs to bill "incident to". Medicare considers services rendered "incident to" as "services furnished as an integral although incidental part of a physician's personal professional services" (Third, ). A PA can bill "incident to" if the following conditions apply the service must be medically necessary, it must be usually performed in a physicians office, and it must be within the PAs scope of practice; the physician should be on-site when the service is rendered, and the physician must personally see the patient on the patient's first visit; and the PA can not be an independent contractor (Third, ). The benefit of billing "incident to" is that if all of the above requirements are met, Medicare will reimburse the service rendered at 100% of the physician fee schedule. Usually billing "incident to" is advantageous because it generates more revenue for the practice. Not only is more revenue in general a good thing, it will also make the PA a more valuable member of the practice because he/she can generate the same monetary gains for the practice as another physician could, while employing a PA costs the practice less than hiring another physician.

The AAPA is very attentive to the current reimbursement issues facing today's PAs. Although over the past two decades the PA profession has had many victories when it comes to reimbursement, the profession still has compensation concerns. A noteworthy reimbursement issue tackled by the AAPA in the 00 was the elimination of split billing by Medicare. Previous to October 5, 00, PAs and their supervising physicians had to bill separately for evaluation and management (E/M) services provided by both clinicians on the same day. The new policy allows the physician and PA to share visits made to the same patient with the combined work covered at 100% of the fee schedule. The new procedure does not extend to hospital procedures. The clinician who does the majority of the procedure is the individual whose name and number should be billed (Medicare, 1). Additionally, the Academy was successful in making it easier for PAs to enroll with Medicare and they have created a web-based education program on reimbursement issue for PAs available at www.aapa.org/gandp/reimburs-issues.html (Crane, ).

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It is early on August 5, 147, the wind is howling and the sound of thunder and lightning comes crashing down on the mid-west USA home of the Keller's. Kate Keller awakens from a bad dream to hear the storm, however, she doesn't just lie there and listen or get up and look outside like most people, and instead she goes right into the storm. While outside she witnesses the apple tree in her back yard get struck by lightning and collapse to the ground. This upsets Kate a lot, as that was not just any apple tree; it was the memorial tree for her late son Larry who was lost at war and who she was dreaming about that night. The dream and storm that night was just a sign of what was to come next.

The play All My Sons written by Arthur Miller is set in a Mid-West American town in the 140's. The thematic intensions of the play evolve from a true story which occurred in WWII; a man who struggles with the pressure of making money and dealing with ethical and personal responsibilities. Joe Keller a wealthy businessman knowingly shipped out faulty cylinder heads to the navy, which lead to the death of many soldiers and the arrest of his deputy manager Steve Deever and himself. Joe sacrificed his honour in his struggle to make his family wealthy and strong as Joe denied his part in the shipment and blamed it all on Steve. Three and a half years later everything is coming back to haunt Joe, including truth behind his son Larry's disappearance during the war. Director John Cooper revived the intense Arthur Miller classic and made it into an exciting production full of high emotion and great acting.

The play All My Sons deals with two plot twits, Chris Keller the son of Joe and Kate has invited his brother Larry's old fianc to the house so that he can marry her. However, before that is to happen they must convince Kate who still strongly believes Larry is still alive, that he is really dead. The other twist to the plot is the attempt by George Deever to find out the truth behind what really happened at Joe's factory in the autumn of 14 and clear his father Steve's name. The two plots come together and create a couple of thrilling emotional roller coaster scenes, which left the audience in utter disbelief.

This play acknowledges many different thematic values and issues. The main one I have drawn from the play is what I mentioned before, the price one would pay for money and a prosperous life for his family. Joe Keller got his way out of going to jail so that he could make a better home for his family. He knew it was his fault for the deaths however, he felt that making sure that his son Chris had a solid future was more important. For three and a half years Joe lived with this lie, a lie, which he told, so much he almost believed it. Another theme that arose from this play was the sense of letting go. Kate Keller spent the last three and a half years of her life believing that her son Larry who was lost at war was actually still alive. She is a warm lovable character who was a mother to not only her family but also the whole neighbourhood. For her to be able to forgive Joe for his incomparable crime she has to believe that Larry is still out there somewhere, as he was supposed to be on one of the planes which crashed.

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Unit 1 Cover letter (IMP 2)

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The Distributive Property is the mathematical principal which states the equation a(b+c)=ab+ac. This will work for all numbers. If a=1, b=, and c= then 1(+)=1+1.

Factoring is the process of writing a number or an algebraic expression as a product. An example would be 4x^+1x would look like 4x(x+).

When it says solve an equation it can mean a various of things. It could be something simple like 4= which would be 1 or it could ask for something like Solve for X when X+7=1. In this case X would be 5.

Mystery bags are quite awesome. You see when using the mystery bags and balance method to solve problems it puts a picture in your mind. For instance, If a problem looks like this…4X+=X+, pretend that the equal sign is the middle of a weight balance, the plain old numbers equal ounces, and the #X equals how many mystery bags are on each side. Now take away ounces from both sides. The balance is still balanced. Now remove mystery bags from each side. It should now look like this…X=6.

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Divide 6 by and that's will give you the answer which would be .

In an equation y=ax+b, if you were to change the a or the b the following would happen to the graph of the line. The bigger the A number the steeper the graph will be. The bigger the B number the higher up the graph will be.

An equation of a horizontal line would be y=N. Any number will work. An example of X=Y I believe. This I do not know for sure. I couldn't find a possible answer on my calculator but I do know one exists.

Evaluation

(must make your own...)

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Frankenstein orThe modern Prometheus

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The modern Prometheus

I will be looking at answering the question in this essay why the novel Frankenstein is also referred to as the modern Prometheus. It is wise to point out that there are many different ways in towards the myth of Prometheus has been told and how it has changed over the centuries so I will look at the tale I am most familiar with and try and compare to others that I am not so familiar with and then relate it to the story of Frankenstein.

There are many main similarities to the myth of Prometheus and the main character V Frankenstein but also a huge contrast in there characters and personalities. The first is that both created a new life for Prometheus he created man a sub species as an insult to the Olympians who had imprisoned his fellow titans in Tartars. Man was in the image of the gods and stood up right mocking the Olympians mainly Zeus who gave Prometheus the task. There relationship although affectionate at the beginning of time with Prometheus backing the Olympian gods rather then his fellow Titians and leader his brother Atlas. Although he backed the Olympians there was a split between them from the start with the harsh treatment the Titians suffered and mainly Atlas who was left holding the sky for all time. With Frankenstein creating a new life I believe again to mock the christen god to show he also had the power of creation and to show his intelligence. But the big difference was with Prometheus's man was a lower form of life Frankenstein was superior to man in many ways starting the monster was 8 foot tall, strong, powerful, could survive in the hashish conditions, very intelligent and emotional.

The nd similarity is after each of them created life they had to face a punishment after Prometheus created life there are two different stories I will have to relate to. The first is Zeus took offence to the creation of man and giving them fire and created women to punish man the name of the women was Pandora I don't have to go into detail on the Pandora's Box myth but just say that she brought evil to the world. I just like to focus on the word modern from the title 'the modern Prometheus' to show the different views of ancient and modern times women in Greek and christen mythology was the course of all evil when in Frankenstein women are perfect, nice and saintly. This happens in all the Prometheus myths relating to the creation but the reason why are different some people think for giving man fire others for tricking Zeus when it came to giving a sacrifice to him part of all the food man has to punish man by taking fire of them and Prometheus stealing it again.

What Frankenstein's punishment was that he lived in fear of his creation what torments it could do to the people around him? Then with the murder of his little brother and the task set to create a partner for the monster was a pushing point to ruin his life and set of to kill the monster leading to his own demise. That's a big different between Prometheus and Frankenstein is Prometheus loved man his own creation and led to one reason for his ruin wile Frankenstein loathed his creation and led him to his ruin.

The last similarity of the two is knowledge the good and the bad it brought them both. First of in some stories of Prometheus he gave man such wisdom as architecture, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, ect. That's the positive to knowledge and also Frankenstein did leave a monster that was something brilliant he created with his knowledge. But both suffered greatly from there knowledge Prometheus was entrusted with the name of one of the children of Zeus who would arise and dethrone him witch led to him torture being tied to a rock and every day a eagle would come and eat his liver and every night it would grow back and this happened for centuries some myths say it was for ever but other say that Chiron and Hercules came after a couple of decades and rescued him but that's another story. But what is known he never reviled the name who would dethrone Zeus and therefore Prometheus is known throughout the ages as a GREAT REBEL AGAINST INJUSTICE AND THE CRUEL AUTHORITY OF TYRANNICAL POWER. A great contrast in character to Frankenstein. Frankenstein on the other hand did suffer great torment but what he created for himself something he had done he had to stop throughout the novel he shows this one sided view toward almost everything he puts his mind to the true ancient Greek hero.

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Response essay to Trifles by susan glaspell

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Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, was misleading but interesting. On your initial reading the focus of the play is not clear. The play seems to be about two men trying to find a motive for a murder while two women, who are trying to occupy their time, discover a dead bird. While this characteristic of the play frustrated me, it also made me curious to know if the play had a different meaning. Reading this play reminded me of the first time I watched Monster's Ball and didn't know what it was about. Although I still do not know what Monster's Ball is about, reading Trifles for the second time proved to be different.

Glaspell's indirect focus became apparent to me in my second reading. The symbolism is a good aspect of the play. The dead bird that Ms. Hale and Mrs. Peters discover is a symbol of Minnie Foster's internal death. The open birdcage symbolizes the wife's new found freedom through the death of her husband. In comparison to reality, we use tangible items to symbolize intangible things everyday. For example, a white dove is used to symbolize peace. The American Flag is used to symbolize liberty. On a harsher note, your middle finger is used to say; well you know what it's used to say.

The author indirectness proves to be a plus thus far.Glaspell discusses women's place in society throughout the play. The men, who hold the distinctive titles of county sheriff and deputy, spend time searching for tangible evidence and using fancy methods to solve the murder but come up with nothing. The women, who I suspect were housewives, solve the case quietly and methodically. The women use their personal knowledge about Minnie Foster to hypothesis reasons why she would have killed her husband. They use the off- centered stitching in the blanket to theorize that she was nervous about something. The women, who did not once set foot on the crime scene, find the dead bird, which is tangible evidence and motive to why she may have killed her husband.

Despite the many great characteristics in the play there is a downfall. The ending of the play leaves you not knowing what happens to Mrs. Wright. While this is a plus for readers who like classic whodunits, it was a definite collapse for me. This is the one time that the author should have been direct with what was going on or at least give a clue of what was about to happen. Ending stories without a definite ending has always been aggravating for me when reading.

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A rasin in the sun

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A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, illustrates the timeless struggle for the furtherance of family values and morals with extreme clarity. The play follows the life of a small black family's struggle to keep their dreams of going from tenants to owners alive.

The dreams, and the struggles necessary to reach them, as well as coming to terms with the dreams that are out of reach, are the focus and driving force behind this story of every persons struggle to achieve goals that are not always in tune with societies thoughts or ideas on a persons place in life. The internal difficulties of the family, and the detrimental effects of these problems, are major themes in the play. In the opening scene; a husband, Walter, and wife, Ruth, are seen having a fight over Walter's dream to become a "mover and shaker" in the business world by using an incoming insurance check for his mother as a down payment on a potential liquor business. Walter tells his wife, "I'm trying to talk to you 'bout myself and all you can say is eat them eggs and go to work." This is the first sign of Walter's recurring feelings, that if someone in the family would just listen to him and put forth their trust, his dreams would come to life. Following this argument, Walter goes off to his job as a chauffeur that is the job he so longs to be done away with. As Walter dreams bigger and bigger he seems to leave the smaller things such as his family behind. This movement away from the family is against the family's values and morals. (In the past his father would have been happy working for another man and caring for his family, but Walter is more concerned with becoming self-employed or at least in a management position without really thinking about the consequences which may be imposed upon his family by his incessant need to other things.) As seen later in the play, Walter learns that for the overall good of the family he needs to set his dreams aside and reset priorities, so that all may succeed. Later in the morning Beneatha, the younger sister of Walter, starts yet another internal conflict by speaking in an unacceptable manner about God, at which point her mother slaps her because of her insolence to values that have been taught to her since childhood. This event shows yet another time in which a family member threatens to ruin the stability of the family structure by trying to build in a manner, which is completely incompatible with the rest of the bonds. Beneatha, although believing to be bettering herself, is leaving an important part of herself and her heritage behind. Beneatha's speech about God is her attempt to show her independence and uniqueness in the world, but when she asserts her self in an area that is extremely sensitive to the family heritage and structure, she threatens to wean herself from the only guaranteed support group in life, the family. Once again, as with Walter, Benetha realizes later in the story that it is the furtherance of long-standing family values and morals, which give the foundation upon which to build a wonderful life. These examples illustrate just a few of the many ways in which different family beliefs and goals among the family group do not always benefit, and are sometimes a source of conflict amongst the group members, in addition to the fact that the larger group goals are sometime lost because of the incessant race for individual goals.

In contrast, the story's ending presents a view of how standing by long term family goals, values and beliefs provides a sense of unity that can defeat any obstacle and keep the pride of the family alive. Once Mama receives the insurance money, she believed that the best thing to do with it is buy a new house for her family and help to pay for the cost of Beneatha's schooling. At first she is very adamant against giving any of the insurance money to Walter because she believes that his uses for the money will not benefit the family. But, as time progress Leana sees how deflated her son his because none of the family members will back his dream, so she gives him the money left over after buying the house to spend on his dream and "be the head of this family from now on like you supposed to be." Walter's deal falls through, and he is faced with an even bigger task of talking with the head of the white "Welcoming Committee" of their new neighborhood, and pretending to be the stereotypical subservient black so that the they will buy the family's new house and the family can then use that money for Beneatha's schooling. But, as the time draws near for Walter to put his pride away, he realizes with the help of the family that no amount of money can make up for the loss of pride. Sometimes better to sacrifice the goals of one for the good of many, so he tells the gentleman from the Welcoming Committee that they "decided to move into our house because my father...my father-he earned it." This bold and unselfish move helps to propagate the family's long-standing ethics, values, and pride.

A Raisin in the Sun displays a great recurring theme in life; many times the good of the few has to be sacrificed through the needs of the group. This play also powerfully illustrates the idea that sometimes holding on to ethics, values, and pride is the most difficult option you have, but is the most fulfilling and helps to make facing the next challenge easier.

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Hamlet

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Hamlet, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Hamlet paper at affordable prices! hamlets father, king of Denmark died. Hamlet hears that his fathers ghost is still living in the castle. his mother has married the ghosts brother. This is a play of jealousy, revenge, and murder.

CLaudius who is the new husband of the queen wants to kill Hamlet when he finds out that he knows he poisoned his father.

asjdkljasdlksanhdkjsaclmkdsajd askldjasijd sakjdaksld kajdsøadsiorun iasjdnhcfdigt luiahrasudfjk lkasdlauiew jaierjaklsdj akshfduiegfb alksuaeøoi aoihdf alsiuyeaha kkk øsalkd iausdkj skldayr iuela ksay hsyej leuyshj ke hjeøa jeyahdn hjeh ksueks heyshnd heakls heagbd geaer ig ie id rtge nabt hareaks ub tgus wirs skjadlkjhs hdgfds saghte sgjabdh kaljsdg shlgaegd jshe gelas hges jge bejs gsla heg ks hel hslen hesls helalu had høay usaø nap gah heald once upson a time in a small red forest laid a kink hanmed odija. he was very poweful and hated evertyuhgn that had to do with money. the king hasd a bealyyurful daughters that he wanted tto get married but he couldnt seem ot find hte perfect men so he put out a notive in the newsappaer they had at the time. so many men showed up at the door they didnt know what to do. the pirtinvedd woulfny laugh so they had to fine da man who wuold make hjer smiløe. this wesnt that east. many many men came to the door but no one made her laugh. the kind was getting restless and had to find someone for her what he didnt know wat that brothers were on theor way to see her. one of the brothers the youngest of course had this thing for picking up everything he saw on the street. he dound a dead frog, a sole o a shoe, even a nut he picked up. the brothers kept walking and walking until they finally came to the castle. haleds jehd nsoiejm jeyenm uasi jshand kaijn habdne jladhen heayhnd.

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For Richer

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The article entitled "For Richer" by Paul Krugman, published in the New York Times Magazine on October 0. 00 discusses Krugman opinions on the increasing economic inequality gap in America and the effects it has on the economy. Krugmen belives in the effects of the extremely unequal distribution of income lowers the standards of living for Americans. I will discuss how the economic inequality affects the general standard of living for Americans.

The distribution of income in America has been widening over the past 0 years from a large concentration of the income and wealth going to an extremely small percentage of the population. "It has been estimated that the 1,000 richest families in America have almost as much income as the 0 million poorest households." (Krugman)

It is evident that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. What's hard to see are the effects this has on the standard of living in America. It is common for Americans to believe that because we have the richest, most advance nation, with real GDP per capita higher than any other major nation that our standard of living should be better off than any other country. This is not true. Americans generally work more hours per year and have a lower life expectancy than most other developed countries. The Swedish, who has a lot less of an inequality in their income distribution than the US, can expect to live an average of three more years, work less hours per year, get higher average wages, and take longer vacations than Americans. Families living in Sweden who are in the poorest 10 percent have incomes 60 percent higher than Americans in the same percentile. (Krugman) This shows how Sweden, who has less economic inequality, has a better overall standard of living than America. It has been proven that Americans have a lower life expectancy that most of the other major industrialized nations and this is a major cause of the lower standard of living in America.

The more inequality in the distribution of income, the more health related problems America will see which will lower the standard of living. "The more equally wealth is distributed the better off the society" according to an article in the British Medical Journal. It seems obvious that poor people are more likely to be sick, and die at an earlier age, compared to rich people. What might not be as obvious is that overall health of a society is in direct proportion to the size of the gap between the rich and the poor. It is not the level of poverty that matters in a society, it is the level of the gap between the rich and the poor.(Montague) The socioeconomic status of an individual determines the access that person has on economic resources that are important to their general health such as nutrition, medical supplies, and housing. (Lawerence) The British Medical Journal did a study measuring the different income inequalities between the states in the U.S. and compared it to the various rates of disease and other health related issues. The study concluded the greater the gap between the rich and the poor, the greater the chance people will be sick and die young. As the economic inequality continues to grow within our nation, the overall health will continue to deteriorate. The medical health of our nation is not the only thing affecting the standard of living by the inequality gap but the general safety is as well affected.

The level of crime in America is affected directly by the level of unequal distribution in the economy. "The United States is one of the most violent societies in the industrialized world today." (Amburgey) One of the main reasons America has such a high crime rate is because there is so much income inequality. In times of increased inequality in the United States, there were increases in prison population as well. (Grabmeier) The opportunity cost of fighting crime in a society has a significant effect on the standard of living. In America there is more money spent on prisoner housing than on crime prevention. (Amburgey) Krugman states that "crime, and the fear of crime, divert resources away from productive uses" When spending more and more money and time on protecting themselves and their belongings, Americans are in turn, lowering their standard of living. Decreasing the level of inequality in America and allowing for more money to be spent on public goods, such as crime prevention, would in turn raise the standard of living for Americans.

The article "For Richer" by Paul Krugman stimulates one to consider how the distribution of income affects the standard of living in America. Krugman and I both agree that the inequality gap negatively affects the health and safety of Americans today. Having a greater gap in the allocation of income in the United States greatly affects the overall health and the safety of Americans and in turn lowers the standard of living.

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Evaluate the success of drug control policies in the United States

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This essay aims to look at the success of drug control policies taken by the United States in the 0th Century. I shall be examining the advantages and disadvantages of the various policies that targeted different sections of the drug industry. In order to do this I shall look at policies implemented that were aimed at both the supply side and the demand side and deliberate on their effectiveness at controlling drugs in the US.

In the 160's and 170's there was a dramatic rise in the number of diagnosed drug addicts in the United States. This was a great concern for the governments at the time and the first policies introduced in the US were aimed at the demand side to decrease trafficking and addiction. This was because drugs could be smuggled in reasonably small quantities, so in this way they were hard to detect when crossing borders. I think it is important to state now that any statistics used concerning the trafficking and consumption of drugs have to be taken with caution as obtaining such statistics rely upon many estimations. It is impossible to know exactly the extent of drug consumption in the US.

The UN General Assembly in 186 was determined to 'mobilize the international community in an unprecedented global counter-offensive against the international drug menace'. The same year Reagan poured more money into both law enforcement and increased penalties for drug traffickers. Moreover, his crackdown on drugs was not limited to the US. Economic sanctions were proposed against the main drug producing countries. However the apparent failure of these policies initiated under Reagan led the USA to change from a focus on the demand to a focus of cutting the supply. Indeed as the White House stated in 18, "elimination of illegal drugs at or near their foreign source is the most effective means to reduce the domestic supply of these substances." This was reflected in a dramatic increase in economic and military aid to drug producing countries under Bush. However this aid was obviously not given unconditionally. It was given under the condition that these countries would use it to clamp down on drug production. The money was to be used to set up alternative farming as well as being used for enforcement. One of the biggest problems, though, with the alternative farming schemes was that firstly the farmers had no skills in growing other crops and that secondly the financial gains were far less. This meant that many farmers took the risk of being caught because of the greater financial awards.

Interestingly, Clutterbuck notes that drug enforcement policy has not always been a top priority for the US. This was particularly evident in the Cold War. The logic from the US governments was that no measures should be taken against Third World countries that could potentially be destabilized by Communism. This was particularly obvious in South America where 'some repressive leaders were helped to stay in power because they were regarded as bulwarks against Communism.'

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George Herbert

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George Herberts poetry sounds a genuine note of contrtion and humility. when he new that he would die of consumption, he charged his friend Nicholas Ferrar of Little Gidding with the fate of his poems, collected in The Temple, saying that he might burn them unless they might turn to the advantage of any dejected soul. if this request seems modest, and all the more genuine for the poet seeking an expressly posthumus fame, then it represents a triumph of Herberts spirituality over his earlier, worldly achievments.

for he was a fellow at Cambridge, and university Public Orator there. the former post obliged him to take holy orders within the seven years, while the latter introduced him to court circles. he did not become a priest when statuses dictated, but rather when he was ready. throughout his poetry, there is rage, and resistance to the religious life, always yielding to a quiet submission to the will of god; while we recognise the struggle, we know we are reading the work of an anglican priest.

this shows in his use of the book of Common Prayer, and in his poems on the sacramnets, on the church calendar or specific services; but more immediately, it shows his verbal music. he uses anthem forms, with antiphons and hymns, and was a keen musician. this gives his thought a beguiling kind of simplicity, as opposed to Donnes meanings press and screw. herbert tend to invoke things as well as arguments to convey his message, describing a state of mind, such as sinne or prayer, in verbless clauses.

although he draws on rhetoric to convince, as a preacher might, the conviction and repentance remains a personal one, born of self examination. major works

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Affirmative Action

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After you graduate from college, you will be putting in your application for a job that you went to college for. Even though you might be the most qualified for the job you still might not obtain the position. Affirmative Action sometimes causes this because companies have to hire a certain number of minorities relative to the size of the company. This means that if there are no minority citizens available, immigrants who aren't even US citizens can take the position. This is why Affirmative Action should be readjusted, because it is helping immigrants instead of the people it was meant for, American citizens.

The fact is that the current Affirmative Action plan is helping immigrants more than it is helping the American people. For instance, millions of immigrants and foreign visitors are eligible for, and many are actually using, Affirmative Action benefits to grab a head start of US born minorities because they do not have enough US minorities to fill the positions. In effect, many of today's immigrants are coming to this country and moving right to the head of the line. James Robb, a Senior Analyst of the The Social Contract, a quarterly journal and the author of the study, "Affirmative Action For Immigrants The Entitlement Nobody Wanted" came up with a great example of how immigrants are using affirmative action to there advantage. He states, "Of all US science doctorates awarded in 1, forty-six percent went to foreigners. There were ten science PhD's awarded to non-citizen Asians to every one awarded to a US Asian" (Robb). It doesn't end there, because after they receive their PhD's many immigrants will stay in the US to take jobs. This is bad for American citizens who have their PhD's because they struggle to find jobs, many of which are already taken by people who aren't even U.S. citizens.

It is a big deal that immigrants are using Affirmative Action to their advantage. There is something wrong with giving opportunities to non-US citizens over US citizens. Yes this is a big deal because if you put non-citizens and US citizens in the same job market, you are taking away opportunities from people that have been living here their entire lives. This creates a feeling of hatred between US and non-US citizens, which is the last thing we need. In contrast, there is nothing wrong with giving immigrants job opportunities because this is America, the land of opportunity, but all US citizens, minority or not, should be considered for jobs before immigrants are.

Some say that Affirmative Action needs to stay because companies should hire a quota of minorities into their company. Many voices say that quotas are used to right the past wrongs when so many minority groups were discriminated against. That no matter what minority that you are from you still deserve some form of compensation for the wrongs that were done not only to your ethninicity, but also to their past family relatives. This is a true point that is worth looking at, but fro how long will the white male have to lose out on jobs that he is more qualified for because of mistakes in the past. We need to look at this from the aspect of what Affirmative Action was originally set up for.

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The Channels Of Distribution Paper

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What are channels of distribution? It is the system where customers are provided access to an organization's products or services. Distribution is all about getting your product/service to the right people at the right time with special consideration for profit and effectiveness. Successful marketing does not end when a business has developed a product/service and has found its appropriate target audience with a view to selling it at the 'right' price.

The next issue that needs to be faced is how they are going to distribute and sell this product/service to these people- the consumers.

When a product/service is purchased by a consumer, it may have been bought directly from the business, or it may have been through a number of intermediaries (wholesaler, retailer, etc) these are known as distribution channels. Small businesses need to acknowledge the different types of distribution channels to utilize sales potential. After reading the article, you may learn that you could increase sales or profit by using a different distribution channel to the one that you currently use.

Distribution channels are influenced largely by the type and size of the business and so some of the channels explained may not be feasible for your particular business. Consequently, you may take note that these channels could be adopted in the future to accommodate for any changes and to help your business grow.

In this very article it showed how Dell computer has successfully used their channels of distribution strategy to be the 'best' in the market in terms of profitability and potential external growth. Let me start with background of the company and explain you how successfully they have created their channels of distribution program.

Dell, Inc., formerly known as Dell Computer Corporation, designs, develops, manufactures, markets, services and supports a range of computer systems, including enterprise systems (servers, storage and networking products and workstations), notebook computer systems, desktop computer systems and software and peripherals. The Company is generally managed on a geographic basis the Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific-Japan.

Dell Computer built a strong position in PCs by replacing traditional distribution with telephone-based sales and ordering. Dell entered the PC industry at a time when most companies sold through small, specialized, high-cost dealers which provided customers with support on both how to purchase and how to use computers. This high-cost channel was quickly obsolete and most PC suppliers switched to large, mega store retail chains (CompUSA, Computer City, etc.)

While the other suppliers were struggling with retail channel evolution, Dell took a radically different path by finding a means to sell products which normally required both significant customer assistance and local stocking without a dealer or distributor network. Dell created a new channel option by bringing new technology to traditional roles played by the distribution channel. Dell takes orders over the telephone, it allows purchasers to customize products to their own needs, it assembles products largely to order, and it achieves rapid delivery. The combination provides a high degree of customer service at a previously unattainable cost structure. With this distribution change as a major element of its strategy, Dell grew to a profitable $7.8 billion business at the time when many larger computer companies were giving up on the PC market.

What is the importance of product and place in the development of marketing strategy? Product and place is like heart and soul for any organization to be successful in the market. These are two of the most important ingredients which is necessary for any recipe. Dell has a successful concept of making computers, desktop, laptop, etc. and decided to sell them directly to the consumer (one-on-one) base, not many organization would adopt their concepts and strategies, but Dell did had great foundation and strong business model to adopt it and the 'fact' is in front of us, as they are the best in the business.

In a nut shell, Dell shows how a company can meet most of the same end customer needs as its competitors through a radically different distribution approach. As enabling technologies (telephone communications, call centers, shipping logistics, etc.) evolve, more suppliers will supplant traditional sales and distribution approaches and, therefore, gain competitive advantage. However, simply copying a model which has worked once is not a guaranteed path to success. No other "mail order" computer company has managed to match Dell's growth in sales and profits. Dell built a strong overall business model and established its position before others had a chance to copy the model

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1984-Privacy opinion

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After all this information I’ve found, I learned that in our life, privacy is not secure anymore. There are countless cameras every where, including cameras on streets, satellite, spy cams in hotel and washrooms, cameras in bank or any market store. Some of the cameras such as camera in market store and bank already exist for a long time but just we don’t realize that it’s a privacy invasion and about 50 % of people think it’s not.

I think with improvement of technology, the cameras are getting smaller and more useful, it can videotape you in the dark right beside and you don’t even notice. I think it’s privacy invasion by putting camera anywhere anyhow without your agreement. It is pressured when you are doing something and know there are people watching you. When you walk on the street, the police are monitoring you, when you go to washroom, there are people watching you, when you are having a bath, there are people watching you, all these cameras is threatening you. You would afraid to do everything when you think someone is watching you. If a police officer followed you around directly behind you, you’d feel intimidated and embarrassed, and with camera you will have the same feeling.

That’s say if one day a chairman of some country receive a letter from White House saying how is his hemorrhoids, and welcome him to come to US for cure some day. It might be a joke, but it is also very true, from the technology today, you can spy watching some one and find out his illness very easily. In the future years, we will get cameras maybe just as small as fly everywhere watching you. Just like the Big Brother in 184 by George Orwell.

GPS (Global Positioning System) is very general in the cars now, it can show you where your are and how to get to some place. Car-renting businesses in States are already using GPS, but they use it to monitor people who rent the car. Once the car drive out of the area, they will call the phone on the car they already set and warn you about it. GPS might be very useful, but even when that person is not trying to do something bad he receives the phone call, what would he think?

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American Cultural Revolution

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Persuasive Essay

Can a Cultural Revolution take place in the US, one of the most powerful countries in the would? The Revolution had a great effect on China, origin of the eastern civilization. During the Cultural Revolution in China, the economy stopped growing, the development of China nearly stopped and the Chinese teenagers did not get enough education. We don't know what would happen in the future, but a revolution is not easy to take place in the United States because in the US, there is democracy and because the people in the US are more educated and wealthy. Compare the people in China before 166, people in the US are more free and active, and tend to do things by themselves.

The United States is a democracy with a republican form of government. Democracy, however, is absent in China. Through huge propaganda campaigns, the Communists in China made Mao Zedong a popular hero. The Communists controlled the government. (Ahmad 5) But in the US, the people elect their president. This shows that the people do not think the President is a God and always follow what he says. In China, Chairman Mao controlled what people read, what people heard and what things people learned in school. (Jiang 65) On the contrary, the presidents of the United States don't have such an influence. This means that the government is not fully controlled by the President. Because of democracy, anybody can oppose what the President says and what he does. So democracy makes a Cultural Revolution not likely to happen in the US.

A second reason why the US will not have a cultural revolution is that people in the US have more education and are not as poor as the Chinese before 166. China was weakened by centuries of corrupt government and foreign invasion. (Jiang 16) People needed someone to give them a hope and lead them to that hope so they followed Chairman Mao. But I don't think the people in the US need that hope. The US economy is not in bad shape and hence the outcry from society for government reform is not as serious as in China. People in the US also have more knowledge and have their own religions. The Chinese weren't as educated and didn't believe in any religion because of communism. "You can break with your family and follow Chairman Mao, or you can follow your father and become an enemy of the people," the man from the Revolutionary Committee said to Ji Li. (Jiang 65) You can see that the Chinese thought Chairman Mao was God. But people in the US normally do things by their own thoughts. A Cultural Revolution will be difficult to occur in a more educated and richer society.

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A Cultural Revolution still could take place in the United State if our democratic government fell and if the country got poorer and poorer. When the society has a majority of poor people but only few extremely rich people, we might see something like the Mexican Revolution happen. This means that even our democratic government will fall when people cannot find a way to make their living. The situation would be similar to the one of China before its Cultural Revolution occurred. We could see some kind of civil wars happen in America and overthrow the government. In history, poor people without much fire-power can defeat an army. That is why the communists defeated Chang's army, their opposition, before they came to power. Before 14, Chang's army was more advanced and he controlled most parts of China. The US also supported him. But still the Communists defeated him. (Ahmad 51) But, can the democratic government fall or the economy drop so much? No, these are not easy to happen. Because the President and members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people and they have a system of checks and balances because of democracy. In 18, the students in Tiananmen Square wanted to have more democracy and freedom ("Chinese Rebellion"). That's what we have in the United States. The US also has a very strong economy. It has one of the best economies in the world. The people now have much education and are not poor. So a Cultural Revolution would never take place.

American is not going to have a Cultural Revolution. The government has a balance of power and the people have more knowledge and money. No people can control the government in a democratic country. More educated and richer people won't be brainwashed by other people. They have their own thoughts. People would not blindly follow orders from a dictator, and therefore, no Cultural Revolution would have a chance to take place. If China had a government like the United States of America, but not a Communist Party controlled government, the Cultural Revolution wouldn't have happened in China either. Perhaps one day they will change their form of government.

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Imperial Cults of Ancient Greece

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coming soon. I will place the essay on line tomorrow. It is about the Impact of Augustus in Greece. The essay talks about the imperial cult, the genius of Augusts and what he did for religious, political, and economic suceess in ancient rome. Augustus did a great job as a leader because he desired to have a back to basics mentality and get the kingdom up to par with what good values and morals should be. I touch on the base of what Augustus did as a follower of Julius Ceasaer, and what he did to his daughter Julia for hanging out with Ovid, the perverted love poetry man.

Another paper I can submit is about Japanese psychology. It entails detailed information about the history of psychology in Japan and who were the prominient leaders of the discipline. It started in Kyoto University, then moved to Univserity of Tokyo. It explains the impact of psychology and its emergence into Japanese society.

I wrote another essay on China and the massacre at nanking in 17 by the Japanese military. It talks of the rapes, murders, stealing, prostitution, and plunderings of the chinese people committed by the Japanese. It was a devastating momment in Chinas History. The shame and guilt that go along with such atrocity was rampant. The essay deals with what measures Japan took on gaining control and showing China who was in charge.

One other essay I will get on this site is about the biograpphy of Calvin Coolige, who was president in the 10s. His life was an interesting one and you will be aboe to look at it when I get it posted.

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Classification Essay: Music Fans

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Music has been around for hundreds of years, and along with it have always come music lovers. Throughout the years the world has seen music evolve from a form of religious celebration and having a ceremonial role, to becoming a form of entertainment and art to what it is today a backbone of popular culture and even lifestyle. Since the first piece of music was ever played, people have responded in a variety of different ways, and generally speaking music fans can fall into one of four categories. Some genuinely feel passionately about it, and some only pretend to feel this way. Some people get too involved with it, while some people just don't care. These different types of music listeners are all fairly easily to recognize; they all have specific characteristics. Whether someone is an indifferent, fake, "hardcore", or genuine music lover, it is always quite simple to single them out.

Generally, some form is music strikes a cord in everybody. However there are exceptions where a person's life, environment, or personal opinion has reared them in such a way that they do not like any particular type of music. These are the "indifferent" music lovers, the ones who don't own any CD's or records; they just skim through the radio and listen to whatever is on. Occasionally they may specifically enjoy a certain song, but this occurrence is rare. Maybe they were raised on a remote farm or grew up in the jungle, but in any case indifferent music lovers are generally a small minority, mostly middle-aged, childless adults who are extremely work-oriented and could care less for popular culture and music as entertainment.

Worse than the music lover that is neither "here nor there" is the fake one. These people manage to make their way into every concert, pretending to be "number one fans" when they are really number one phonies. Fake music lovers are the ones who's favorite band conveniently changes depending on who they are with one minute they love popstars NSync, the next minute Bach, and the next rapper Eminem. They fake their way to having a "cool" persona, but are essentially lying to themselves as well as offending true music lovers who appreciate the sacredness of music as an art. It is apparent that fake, or "wannabe" music lovers as so eloquently named by the Spice Girls, have security issues with their taste as well as themselves, not to mention having a considerable amount of time on their hands.

The opposites of phony music lovers are the hardcore, over-the-top ones such as "ravers", "goths", and "teenyboppers". These mainstream characters make the music they listen to their lives, at times developing a whole lifestyle around the style they prefer. They tattoo the name of their favorite singer on their lower backs, or in the case of the teenybopper scribble it all over their faces with magic marker. This extreme can even become unhealthy when a person lives and breathes a certain singer or band. The "hardcore" fan phenomenon is relatively new to the music scene having developed in the last few decades, but nonetheless is a growing craze. Hardcore music fans have the right idea, but wouldn't be out of line if they turned down the volume a little.

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A Relationship: Full of Meaning

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A relationship between two people can have very different meanings. In some relationships such as two lovers, they can also be best friends because they share good communication. A relationship between a parent and child has a special bond because they share love, and affection for each other. However, there are times when a relationship can go bad because there is no understanding, lack of communication, and a feeling of distance in the relationship. In comparing and contrasting the two essays "Arm Wrestling with my Father" and "Shooting Dad" each have a lot in common, communicate through actions, and gain understanding for one another.

First, by comparing the two essays they have a lot in common, like each essay is about a child and their relationship with their father. However, they differ because Manning's essay is about a relationship between father and son, and Vowell's is about the relationship between father and daughter. In each essay the main child focused upon gives notion to a sibling in the story whether, it be a sister or a brother.

In "Arm Wrestling with My Father" the son talks about his brother joining in on the fight to beat dad, however he still never succeeded. In comparison, "Shooting Dad" the daughter mention her twin sister to compare how her sister shares more in common with her dad at first than she does. But over time both main characters come to get a better understanding for their father and how they express their love.

Second, both essay shows that these fathers communicated with their kids through action. Like "Arm Wrestling with My Father", his father shows communication through physical play, instead of verbal communication. Also in "Shooting Dad" conversation between this Vowell and her father were incapable because they would start to argue. In paragraph 6 she speaks about her father and how they differed, "All he ever cared about were guns. All I ever cared about was art." Her father would want her to come shoot the gun with him and her sister. But Vowell hated guns, so she stayed shut in her room feeling that her father had nothing in common to her. Throughout each essay Manning, and Vowell feel as if they do not know there father because of their lack understanding for one another. For example in Manning's essay paragraph, He speaks about his father's communication. "But at those times I could feel how hard he was trying to communicate, to help me, to show the love he had for me, that I could assume was there." Manning's father only communicated physically. In paragraph, Manning speaks on his father communication," He never communicated as well in speech or in writing as in a strong hug, battling to make the other gasp for breath."

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Third, after taking a close look at each essay, over time Manning and Vowell come to gain understanding with their father. In "Arm Wrestling with My Father" Manning begins to understand his father better as he gets older. His father uses a different approach to show his son he loves him. Instead of telling him how to improve his playing skills, he finally gives his son a hug. In paragraph 1, Manning expresses this hug his has with his father as being different than before, "Once our arms were wrapped around each other, however, I sensed a different message. His embrace was softer, longer than before. I remember how it surprised me and how I gave an embarrassed laugh as if to apologize to anyone watching." Also in Vowell she finally comes to realize that she and her father are so much a like, but in a different way. In paragraph, Vowell expresses realizing how much she and her father are alike, "...And I think, Oh. My. God. My dad and I are the same person. We're both smart-alecky loners with goofy projects and weird equipment." So throughout the end of the essays, Manning and Vowell finally come to understand their fathers. Through out the whole essay love was shown in their relationship, it was just showed differently between the two. Vowell and her father differed from Manning and his father. While Vowell lacked of understanding between the two, Manning on the other hand just lacked of communication. These are two important factors in any relationship that can be very different in each relationship.

In conclusion to comparing and contrasting the two essays "Arm Wrestling with my Father" and "Shooting Dad" each have a lot in common, communicate through actions, and gain understanding for one another. Both essays described the love of a father to their child. Each point is clearly seen though out the paper. Vowell and Manning relationship with their fathers were unique, but at the same time similar to other people relationships with a parent. However, all relationships can go through lack of communication and understanding, it just takes a strong person to gain and keep it.

Kayla WIlliams

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