CAPE WIND ASSOCIATES vs. ALLIANCE TO PROTECT NANTUCKET SOUND

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CAPE WIND ASSOCIATES vs. ALLIANCE TO PROTECT NANTUCKET SOUND

Henry David Thoreau's book CAPE COD describes the natural beauty of the

Cape. Thoreau, if alive today would be enraged because of Cape Wind Associates'

plan to build 10 wind turbines. These turbines would stand 417 feet high on 4

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square miles of Horseshoe Shoal (see attachment A) in Nantucket Sound. If

approved this wind farm would be the nation's first and the largest in the world.

The average output could provide about 75% of the Cape's usual electric demand

(www.capecodwind.org, visited March, 00). However, the electricity generated

would be sold to the New England power grid for all users and not directly benefit

Cape Cod residents.

The potential developers, Cape Wind Associates, contend that this is "good for

Cape Cod" and will create a new source of economic activity and in doing so make

the Cape a domestic leader in renewable energy avenues (Coleman, Jack. March 8,

00. Cape Cod Times Newspaper ). As for the actual towers themselves, proponents

state that Europe and Great Britain's ocean wind farms have been studied

thoroughly revealing no harmful environmental impacts. Additionally, in Denmark

they are sailing destinations for recreational boaters (see cover page).

The Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound wants Nantucket Sound to be

designated a natural marine sanctuary, which would stop commercial development

but would maintain recreational/commercial fishing, sailing and other current uses.

This ocean wind farm proposal has become a hot button issue to say the least.

Opponents such as fishermen, homeowners, business people, pilots, and boaters

believe the benefits of an unlimited supply of non-polluting local energy are negated

by the towers visual scar and harmful impact on oceanfront homes. More

importantly tourism, seabed shoals, the plethora of ocean birds and marine life

including the feeding grounds for the endangered Northern Right Whale all may be

adversely affected.

An example of wildlife hazards transpired in Altamont Pass California when

several hundred birds, many of them raptors turned up dead in the surrounding

area of 7000 wind turbines during a two-year study. Most of the birds had collided

with the turbine blades. The power company implemented technical measures such

as painted blades and anti-perching devices, but these have only been somewhat

effective (Raven and Berg. 001. Environment).

On March 7th 00, I spoke with Legislative Liaison Joshua Mant from State

Senator Murray's office (personal communication). He stated that there has been

hundreds of calls and e-mails opposing this potential ocean construction on

Nantucket Sound. This is the hottest issue in the district now and the Senator's

stance is to wait until all the environmental studies are completed. In closing

because Mr. Mant is a Falmouth resident he personally contends that he is against

these 10 wind turbines.

The study that Senator Murray is referring to is U.S. Senator Kennedy's request

for a $500,000.000 grant having the National Academy of Science analyze the impact

of this offshore project. Senator Kennedy (March 00) wrote in his press release

"….there is no existing federal regulatory regime to govern the siting, construction,

maintenance and ongoing oversight of such projects in federal waters." Indeed,

Senator Kennedy is correct; we do not know what environmental impact will be.

The ultimate unknown is the extent to which these turbines will effect

Massachusetts' energy costs.

As for other political leaders, only two, U.S. Congressman William Delahunt and

State Attorney General Thomas Reily have had the courage to publicly oppose this

wind farm. Congressional Aid Mark Forest stated that Congressman Delahunt

submitted a bill in Congress that would designate Nantucket Sound a National

Marine Sanctuary (personal communication March, 00). Another high level

public figure opposing the wind farm is retired CBS newscaster Walter Cronkite.

Mr. Cronkite, who lives on Martha's Vineyard said (Cape Cod Times. Jan. 0, 00)

"Those towers would be obstructive to various aspects of life on Nantucket Sound-

fishing and recreational boating and very particularly to wildlife." Cronikite filmed

a commercial for the Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound for free. This is airing on

local cable systems.

Sal Nocella, a local fisherman from Mashpee, is upset over the proposed project

and states the wind farm will "look like shit" out on the ocean where he fishes

(personal communication April 4, 00).

Cape Wind Associates contend this is a low impact project and does not harm

any wildlife or the local economy pursuant to tourism. This project will bring new

jobs and reduce Massachusetts dependence on fossil fuels and the accompanied

pollution. However, they do admit visual impacts from the shore will be modest.

Cape Wind states on clear days the wind turbines will look like small masts on the

horizons depending on where you are standing. Mark Rodgers, Cape Wind

spokesman, spells out how the company is currently working on obtaining permits

via U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers, Coast Guard, Federal Aviation Admin., and

Massachusetts Departments of Energy Facilities Siting Board, Executive Office

Environmental Affairs, Coastal Zone Management (Cape Cod Times. Jan. 00).

The first round of the fight was lost when the Alliance was unsuccessful in getting

a judge to block the wind farm data tower. This tower will collect scientific data

from air and sea, thus helping engineers to develop the suitable turbine design.

Additionally, the data will reveal answers to State and Federal regulators before any

more towers are erected and play a crucial role when Senator Kennedy's request is

funded.

Mechanically, the wind turbines operate the opposite of a fan. They use wind to

make electricity. The up winds turn the blades (roughly 4-5 seconds a rotation)

which spin a shaft connecting to a generator that creates electricity (see attachment

B). An assemblage of underwater cables connect it to the mainland power grid.

Globally offshore wind farms are big business and the United Kingdom plans to

build 8 turbines, towering 00 feet near Great Yarmouth, three miles out in the

North Sea. Energy Minister Brian Wilson thinks that by the summer of 00 there

could be 76 megawatts of electricity generated. Ireland has approved plan's for the

world's largest (00 turbines, bigger than Cape Wind's plan) wind farm located on

a sand bank south of Dublin in the Irish Sea. Their Marine Minister, Frank Fahey

predicts this will produce 10% of Ireland's electric needs and eliminate 1 million

tons of greenhouse gases (BBC News. www.bbc.co.uk).

LOCATION is everything pursuant to a wind farm. Consequently,

LOCATION for WIND is superior on Horseshoe Shoal, level 6 (see attachment C).

Cape Wind wants this site, but do the tourists/residents who ferry by Horseshoe

Shoal on way to Nantucket? Cape Cod is about 80% ocean/beach tourism. The

tourism percentage with regards to locations of the wind farms in Ireland and the

U.K. is much lower.

The battle will continue until all data is collected, this could take years.

Million dollar oceanfront homes on the Cape and Islands could have some new

distant masts with nightlights to gaze at! Cape Cod would then be

America's first viable ocean wind farm. Henry David Thoreau's spirit to preserve

the natural beauty of the Cape will end in a courtroom.

Bibliography

BBC News. www.bbc.co.uk, visited April 4, 00

Cape Cod Times 00. www.capecodwind.org, visited March, 00.

Coleman, Jack. March 8, 00. Kennedy calls for Federal Study. Cape Cod Times Newpaper.

Edel,Kentworth. Windmills. Invention and Technology, Volume 18 #4 48

Learning, Jack. January 0, 00. Wind Farm Ad enlists Cronkite's Presitige.

Cape Cod Times Newpaper.

Raven and Berg. 001. Environment

Harcourt College, Orlando, FL. Page 7

Thoreau, Henry David. 1865. Cape Cod

Penguin Books, New York, NY

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I was blind

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I was blind to everything around me. The sensation was new and exciting, and I felt as if I was somehow in another world. I was in a world of blackness, but somehow, my other senses compensated for this loss. It was as if my hearing was an instrument- newly tuned in to my surroundings.

I felt around in the blackness, searching for something or someone. It was a bright, pleasant day. The sun was warm on my back, and I could smell the tall grass around me. The wind blew my hair from my face, and for a brief moment I thought I saw someone, but I knew I must have imagined it. "Hello!!" I cried. "Is anyone there?? Somebody! Anybody!" I started to run in that direction, lumbering through the tall grass. I soon became tired however, and the warm sun combined with a lack of water made me feel lightheaded. I rested until I caught my breath, and then continued on at a slow but steady pace. All of a sudden, I could feel the climate around me change. It was as if I had stepped into an air-conditioned room. The air around me was heavy and damp, and my sweaty skin became cold as it dried. There was no wind- it had been blocked out my what I discovered to be a grove of trees. As I walked I began to hear the sounds of running water. I figured that I must be nearing a river of some kind, and continued in that direction. The ground under my feet was spongy- the foliage was deep and thick. As I felt my way through, I realized my sight was not important here- I wouldn't be able to see anything anyways. My steady pace was soon interrupted however by strange sounds. I heard a low whistle, and tiny whisperings among the trees. I was excited, but also apprehensive. My lack of sight made me feel vulnerable and alone- I no longer wanted to be here. The voices grew louder, as if they were approaching. I felt along until I reached the base of a large tree, and crouched down. As I waited, I felt a strange tickling sensation running up the edge of my leg. It gave me the chills. It's a good thing I can't see what sort of creature was on my leg, I thought, or else I would probably be quite terrified. I heard a twig snap across the way. I froze. What I was sure now to be a person was out of breath. I could hear the hiss of a walkie-talkie, and a boy's voice said "Are you safe?" Still panting, I heard a girl's voice in reply. "Yeah I'm fine. He'll never catch us- are you kidding? Not in here anyway." I slowly snuck out from behind the tree, being careful to make as little noise as possible. Then, quick as a flash, I jumped in her direction, waving my arms wildly until they came in contact with her. She screamed, and then began to laugh. I smiled and pulled the blindfold off. "Caught you."

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Case studySTEVEN BELKIN

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Case study

STEVEN BELKIN

INFORMATION BACKGROUND

Steven B. Belkin a young self confident man started his business activities already in his earliest years. During his MBA education program he started with other 4 graduating students a consulting company, named Innovative Management. They could find a financial backer who provided them the business sources. The company was going on well, as some other students had to be hired in order to accomplish all consulting activities. A year after Belkin's graduation the company was thought to be sold and Steven decided to leave.

Frank Rodgers, the original investor in Innovative Management wanted Steven to help him with other companies, in which he had invested. One of these companies was the GTA - Group Touring Associates. As Belkin analysed the firm he recognized that GTA had excellent potential and could be built profitably with better management. Indeed he could generate excellent revenue already one year later; therefore he ought to have part ownership. As the Owner of the company did not want to accept this proposition, Belkin began to consider leaving GTA. Looking at the market situation Steven Belkin was aware that it was a good opportunity to start an own business. As the tourism sector seemed to accomplish Belkin's requirements he wanted to operate in this area. Supported by Alan Lewis, GTA's most productive salesman, he started a new travel company the TTG.

Since the charter industry had become a popular travel alternative this seemed to be a prosperous business direction do undertake.

At that time many travellers were willing to accept the fixed schedules of charters to take advantage of the lower prices. The offer of complete tour packages with professional tour guide should be developed to a successful plan.

The strategy to undertake was to imitate the GTA, the implementation steps were already worked out. The only issue was to find some funds to finance the business.

In fact that seems to be the biggest challenge to Steven Belkein, it apparently drives the company into failure.

PROPOSITION STATEMENT

As the market seemed to be prospering in this sector it seemed not to be a bad idea to start a new business. Also the strategy to imitate GTA seemed the reasonable to follow. The desired business plan had however a few missing issues, which were highly important and could influence the business to less lucrative position. The business plan weaknesses could affect either Management or Marketing or financial planning.

Missing issues in those parts should be taken into consideration in order to improve the desired business position and forecasting results.

1.Proposition

To start a new business one should not omit to plan it in time and to delegate work.

Due to the fact that Mr. Belkin's and Mr. Lewis's organization and management depend on their own, they could delegate some work to other employees. Moreover they should take more time to plan and to implement the business.

1.1 Supporting argument in management section

It is absolutely obvious that Mr. Belkin and his partner took too much responsibility on themselves. On the one hand, he wanted to be sure that everything had been done correctly but on the other hand, it was impossible to cope with this amount of work. Naturally Steven Belkin had already some experience with this business but he seemed not to consider the difference between the occurrence of work of established firms, like the GTA - company and his own start up.

1. Empirical evidence

Steven Belkin, according to the case study text, seemed to be very confident. He claimed to have good experience in business and organizing things. The thing which might be considered is that Belkin started dealing without having real funds on which rely. Dealing with business plans, looking for salespeople, looking for financing and accomplish deals at a reasonable price requires more time if you are only in two. However they did neither have more time nor money enough to pay an additional assistant.

. Imputed findings

- Steven was the president and major shareholder, responsible for raising the capital they would need and for the trip arrangements.

- Lewis (executive vice president) would hire and manage the sales force, cover key clients personally, and work with sponsoring groups to fill the tours.

- The sales team started 6 month before the first trip. They had not too much time to deal with everything.

. Assumption

The desired responsibility allocation and management system highly dependent on Mr. Belkin's less on Mr. Lewis's involvement. Their experience and their motivation were the only driven force in this business.

Introducing a new management system could make the working schedule of Steven Belkin less complicated. According to the financial situations it could be necessary to hire one or two assistants to pursue resolutely issues like developing properly the travel plans and give more attention to marketing and sales promotions. Consequently Belkin could be able to concentrate more on the financing aspect than on working out travel plans.

.Proposition

To start a new business one should not omit to plan consider the investment approach

Steven Belkin had to concentrate more on negotiations with potential investors and to work on paper analysis continuously as a background for negotiations with investors.

.1 Supporting argument in financing section

The financing part is one of the negative aspects in Steven Belkins business plan. First he focused all his energy on developing his idea, sales and marketing areas rather than on a real investment approach. Finding no investors means the failure of the desired business.

1. Empirical evidence

The financial strategy was to focus on institutional venture capital groups. Steven Belkin wanted to raise $ 50.000. Only out of 5 venture companies were interested enough to consider the plan. But at the end none of these firms were likely to invest. As a second attempt Belkin wanted to approach a few individual investors. But these wealthy individuals were even more difficult to attract as he thought. Therefore he was addressed to a bank which could offer him loan. The debt line however increased his own exposure because the bank would be landing against his own guarantee.

. Imputed findings

- Belkin tried hard to get investors but during this time the fuel crises started - the prices for fuel were growing rapidly, airlines were cancelling their charter flights and no investor could believe that somebody could start a business at this time.

- Either Belkin or Lewis had to pay office expenses and salaries from his own pockets (credit cards)

- They got reminder letters from their banks, which emphasized they were about to lose their hard earned credit

. Assumption

The thing Belkin missed was a little bit of Luck. As he wanted to set off business the fuel crises started. Maybe on an other moment he would not have had such troubles in finding an investor.

. Supporting argument in financing section

A good business plan should be developed in order to show it to investors

1. Empirical evidence

Steven Belkin did not organize to plan his business properly. In his tables the investors could not find a clearly arranged pattern to follow.

. Assumption

Moreover his calculations seem to be a little bit too optimistic, maybe the investors did not believe his prognostics of cash flow.

.Proposition

To start a new business one should not omit to consider the market situation

.1 Supporting argument in marketing section

Analyzing the development stages of the Belkin's business idea, it seemed to be strange that they did not have any market research. In order to minimize risk of business development it is better to implement this step.

1. Empirical evidence

The business idea was based on the model of GTA group and personal interest from Mr. Belkin. He saw a big opportunity in starting a new travel group. though, he missed to consider the difference between a established enterprise and a start up business. Even if the tourism seemed to be a great marketplace at the moment, apparently he was not aware about the fuel crisis. Obviously none f the investors wanted to take over such a big risk dealing with charting flights.

. Assumption

The absence of market research step in developing a business idea, can lead to wrong assumptions in forecasting figures, especially in accounting part of the business plan.

In order to minimize risks he could have analysed more the actual situation, the target groups, the reservations of the investors, and the competitors.

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To kill a Mockingbird

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Atticus Finch and the Truth

To some, truth is merely the absence of lies. However, to Atticus Finch, a main character in To Kill a Mockingbird, it means much more. This is understood because of the many examples of truth that are told in the novel. As the story progresses it becomes obvious that truth is very important to him. To Atticus, truth is confronting the whole story, a precious jewel worth defending, and an often-elusive goal worth pursuing.

Atticus always tells the whole truth and nothing less. Tom Robinson, a black man, is accused of raping a white woman. Scout asks Atticus what rape is. Instead of hastily changing the subject he unflinchingly explains that rape is ¡°carnal knowledge of a female by force and without consent¡± (15). Atticus believes that one must face the demons of society along with its angels. He explains to Jem and Scout what many would assume unfit for young ears. As Jem and Scout grow older they are gradually exposed to more of society¡¯s flaws. Unlike most parents Atticus helps his children come to terms with these societal blemishes rather than shielding them from everything.

Atticus is a very honest person who believes in defending the truth. He is appointed to defend Tom Robinson in court against Mayella Ewell. Many people are upset with Atticus because he ¡°aims to defend him¡± (16). This shows that he does what he knows is right despite of what others think. A majority of the citizens of Maycomb County believe that Tom is guilty simply for he is a black man. Atticus works his hardest to alter that belief. He shows everyone how Tom could not have been the person that beat and raped Mayella. Nonetheless, the jury is steadfast in their biased verdict and pronounces Tom guilty and Atticus loses his battle for truth.

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REMEMBERING MY LOLO

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AUSTRALIAN MEDIA POLICY

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A Rose For Emily" vs. "The Life You Save May Be Your Own"

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Single family homes

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"It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature."

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Classified

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Women photogrpahers

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VOLTAIRE'S CANDIDE: OPTIMIST OR PESSIMISM

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True to Me

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The most important function of education is to develop the personality

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About a Boy Chapt. 3 & 4

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LEISURE TIME

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punishment

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michelangelo

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Another country

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In the story, "In Another Country", by Ernest Hemingway, throughout the story he is constantly comparing life to an iceberg under water saying that life is not always the way you see it. One example of how Hemingway compares life to an iceberg is, "There was a time when none of us believed in the machines, and one day the major said it was all nonsense". The major and his crew never believed in machines to help him and his soldiers but now he is realizing and believing that the machines help people. Another example of how Hemingway compares life to an iceberg is, "He had lived a very long time with death and was a little detached. We were all a little detached, and there was nothing that held us together except that we met every afternoon at the hospital". This shows that the major had gone through life basically knowing that if he had gotten injured there would be probably no chance of surviving because they did not believing machines and the only thing that held him and his crew together was meeting at the hospital everyday. In conclusion Hemingway compares a iceberg which is under the water, and you only can see whats above the water to the way people see life.Medieval German Trade Towns

During Medieval times, trade was an immense part of almost everyones daily lives in Germanic civilizations; Hamburg and Lubeck were the two major trade towns in Medieval Germany and are still major trade towns today. While most countries and costal towns were along the Mediterranean Sea, some of the busiest costal trade towns were in countries along the Baltic Sea. Germany was one of these countries. The two towns were vital to the culture and development of Germany and were also importaint to people who lived there.

Lubeck was a major trade town in Medieval Germany and played an essential role in Germany's culture. Count Adolf II Holstein first founded it in 114. The town was erected on the site of early Slavic settlements. The Duke of Saxony, Henry the Lion, refounded Lubeck c. 1158. In 16, the final privaleges of a free imperial city were secured. Lubeck was head of the Hanseatic League and was the leading Medieval German trade center for the Baltic region (Matthewson, 5DC).

Hamburg was also a big part of trade on the Baltic Sea. The town of Hamburg served as a missionary center for Northern Europe. In 141 and 14 Hamburg signed treaties with Lubeck, which led to the formation of the Hanseatic League. However, in 1, the town split from the league and became independant. Even now, Hamburg is one of Europe's major ports. Some of their exports include chemicals, food products, industrial equipment. Hamburg has an extensive harbor and dock installations (Hamilton, 54DC).

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B.F. Skinner

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B.F. Skinner was one of the most influential theorists in modern psychology. His work was very important and has been studied by many for years. Skinner was a very straightforward man and a very educated man. His theories have helped mankind in many ways. He has studied the behavior patterns of many living organisms. Skinner was a well-published writer. His work has been published in many journals. He also has written many books on behaviorism. His most important work was the study of behaviorism. First began by John B. Watson, behaviorism is one of the most widely studied theories today. B.F. Skinner and His Influence in Psychology B.F. Skinner was one of the most famous of the American psychologists. He was born in Pennsylvania in 104. Skinner was the father of modern behaviorism. Skinner did not get into psychology until he was in graduate school at Harvard. He was driven to Psychology after reading about the experiments of Watson and Pavlov. He received his doctoral degree in three years and taught at the University of Minnesota and the University of Indiana and finally returned to his alma mater at Harvard. Skinner contributed to psychological behaviorism by performing experiments that linked behaviors with terms commonly used to describe mental states. Skinner was responsible for some famous experiments such as the "Skinner box". Skinner also wrote some very famous books. One of them was "The Behavior of Organisms". This book describes the basic points of his system. Another was Walden Two. This book describes a utopian society that functions on positive reinforcement. Skinner was a very productive person until his death in 10 at the age of 86. Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology that is interested in observable behavior. Skinner said, "Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the philosophy of that science." There are various types of behavior, such as innate behavior. Innate behaviors are certain behaviors that we are born with, such as eating when we are hungry and sleeping when we are tired. Early Life Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania on March 0, 104 to William Arthur and Grace Madge Skinner. Skinner also had a younger brother named Edmond James Skinner, born November 6, 106. At the young age of sixteen, Edmond died of a cerebral aneurysm. . Skinner was very involved in inventing new things. He also attempted to invent a perpetual motion machine, but it failed. He also read about animals. He collected toads, lizards, and snakes. He trained pigeons to do tricks after he saw them performing one year at a fair. Training the pigeons probably was where he got his ideas of operant conditioning. He attended Susquehanna High School just like his mother and father. In his graduating class there were only eight people including him. He was a very intellectual person. He reported that he really enjoyed school. Over the four years in high school Skinner became good at math and reading Latin, but was no good at science. He was always performing physical and chemical experiments while he was at home. His father was a book collector. Skinner always had a good library of books around his house. Skinner recalled the little collection of applied psychology journals that his father had bought. Those books could have been the starting point in his psychology career. Skinner grew up in a very religious family.

After high school Skinner went to Hamilton College where he majored in English Literature and minored in Romance Languages. Skinner's freshman year did not turn out to be what he expected. He felt that the college was pushing him around with unnecessary requirements, such as daily chapel and physical education. Skinner's college life became better as the years went on. He was very comfortable with college life by his senior year. He and a friend once printed up a poster that said that Charles Chaplin was coming to speak about being in the silent movies. They printed up some copies and distributed them throughout the campus. The effect of their actions was more than they expected. A large amount of people showed up to see the famous star that was not coming. The kicker was that Skinner said that the presentation was under the direct supervision of Skinner's English composition teacher and all of the blame was on him when Mr. Chaplin did not show up. Skinner graduated soon after that, and it was the start of a new life. Psychological Beginning After graduating Skinner started writing. Skinner started classes at Harvard University studying for his Masters Degree in Psychology. Skinner always had been interested in animal behavior after seeing the performing pigeons when he was younger. He also was interested in human behavior as well. This began when the man that taught him how to play the saxophone when he was younger told him how he would entertain troops. He would write the alphabet forward with his right and backwards with his left hand, add up some figures given to him and answer questions from the crowd all at the same time. . Skinner wanted to know how he did all of that. Skinner read some of the works of some famous psychologists. He read some books on Pavlov and the work that he did with the dogs and the work of John B. Watson, a famous behaviorist. He really became interested in behaviorism when he met two men, Fred Keller and Charles Trueblood. Keller was a strict behaviorist. Skinner saw Trueblood carrying caged rats that he was working with in the laboratory. He had a complex schedule of waking up, studying during breakfast, attending classes, study until nine o'clock at night, and then going to bed. When Skinner began working on his doctoral degree, he was working part of the time at a medical school and the other part in a subterranean laboratory with his animals. He remained in that laboratory for a total of five years. While working on his research, Skinner found that Pavlov had given him the most influence in the experimental method. Pavlov said, "control the environment and you will see order in behavior" Skinner first used the term "operant" when some of his papers came under attack. He said, "the term "operant" was to identify behavior traceable to reinforcing contingencies rather than to eliciting stimuli" Behaviorism and Skinner Over the years after receiving his doctoral degree Skinner became a strict behaviorist. In 164, Skinner gave a speech on what he called "The Science of Behavior and Human Dignity." The main point of the speech was that people blame their shortcomings on the environment and take all the credit for their achievements. This belief wound up being the theme of one of Skinner's books. It was called "Beyond Freedom and Dignity", published in 171.This was a very popular book and a very unpopular book. Many thought that Skinner did not believe in freedom and dignity. He wanted people to see that if we could move beyond those things then perhaps our society could move on to be a more realized one. Skinner believed that the study of behavior depends on what the organism should and should not do. Skinner also was very productive in the laboratory. His most famous experiment was the "Skinner box". The "Skinner box" was just a plain looking box that could measure conditioning in many different ways. A hungry rat is placed in the box and left alone. The rat will examine its environment. The rat eventually will find a lever and when it is pressed, food is delivered. The food reinforces the rat's behavior of pressing the lever. Skinner explained how this experiment worked in his first major work "The Behavior of Organisms an experimental analysis". He explained that the type of conditioning the rat underwent was called "free operant conditioning". It was free because the rat was uninterrupted and free to press the lever as many times as it wanted. The rat was given no stimulation; it just pressed the lever because it knew there would be food. Skinner really wanted to study human behavior. The box did little of that, but he found that if you change a human's environment, a behavioral change would occur just like the rat's behavior would change, if you change the lever pressing. So, the main idea of behaviorism is that human behavior is a product of the stimulus-response interaction and that behavior is modifiable.

In another of Skinner's famous works he talks about his three-part thesis on human behavior. He believed that biology, genotype, and conditioning all work together in natural selection and in the development of social environments. His life was going very well, He had a good family, two children and wife. He also had a good job teaching Psychology at his alma mater, Harvard University. Before his death in 10 when he died at the age of 86 of leukemia that he had contracted when he was younger. Even when he was dying he still delivered a paper to the American Psychological Association. His work and theories always will be looked at and studied. B.F. Skinner was one of the most important American psychologists ever. He was known as the father of operant conditioning. Skinner's experiments have paved the way for many ideas and theories that may be developed by future generation psychologists. He was responsible for writing many books that also have helped in understanding behaviorism. He tried to explain how human behavior would change if the environment were manipulated. In my opinion, Skinner was one of the most well known psychologists.

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Meaning of music

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Meaning of Music

What is your favorite song? What type of music speaks to you? Music

has been used to mean various things from a pleasing sound to a

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printed document showing how a piece is to be performed. I think

defining music is as difficult as defining art. Because just as art has many

meanings. So does music. Everyone has their on interpretation about music.

What is the definition?, music is a versitile form of communication.

Music is all around us. We hear it on the radio, television, and in

stores.We go to concerts, operas, and other musical events. And we even

make music ourselves, when we whistle. Their is a broad category of music to choose from.

Today There are many different kinds of music to choose from. The most

popular music today is rock, pop, R and B, hip-hop, and country. Music conveys

some artistic significance that has meaning for the listener. When you listen to

music, you can anticipate what comes next with the same pleasure you find in

rereading a favorite story or poem. Listening to music also helps you

understand the way artists use music to communicate with you.

Because I listen to many types of music. I made up my own category of

music called serious music. My definition of serious music is music with artistic

communication. Music that has meaning or value. Music that communicates something you find satisfaction in receiving.

For example, everyday or almost everyday I listen to my favorite song

Inside us All. Its a very spiritual song about inner peace and keeping your

head up. I always listen to this song when Im thinking, worried about

something, or writing a essay.

We judge music by the importance of what it has to say. If a specific work

of music communicates nothing to us, then it means nothing to us. In high

school I remember writing a poem about music. I cant remember

everything I said but I do remember saying music is freedom. Music is not just

about arranging sounds and rhythms. Its a self-expression of how someone who

writes the song feels. Its a way of communicating with the world.

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Oliver Twist Analysis

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IA The protagonist in the novel "Oliver Twist" is Oliver Twist. He is between nine and twelve years old when the chief action of the novel occurs. Oliver is an orphan born and raised in London. Unfortunately, most of the places he stays at are not well being so he is very poor. The only family Oliver has is Monks, his half brother, and Rose Maylie, Oliver's aunt. Oliver's relations with these two people are not found out until the end of the novel. During the course of the novel, Oliver moves from place to place so he has no set home. Because of this, Oliver has no fixed occupation.

IB The single change which occurs to Oliver Twist during the main course of the novel is his fortune. During the main part of "Oliver Twist", Oliver is very poor and has no money. He is ranked as low class. At the end of the story, Oliver becomes adopted by a kind and generous man, Mr. Brownlow. Oliver is now richer than he has ever been before in his childhood. Additionally, he now has a safe place to live in without worrying about how much he is going to get to eat. For example, in what part of the story Oliver asks for more food and gets a severe punishment for asking.

IC1 The exposition of the story is when Oliver's mother dies and he is placed in a private juvenile home. After nine years of maltreatment, Oliver is transferred to the workhouse. When Oliver asks for more food, he is struck upon and then locked in a cellar. He is then taken to an apprentice, Sowerberry.

IC The narrative hook in "Oliver Twist" is at the beginning of the novel when Charles Dickens tells the reader what he is not going to tell them. This makes readers more eager to turn the page because the reader wants to know now what Dickens is "not going to tell."

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IC4 The rising action of the story is when Oliver is taken care of by a gang of London thieves. However, he refuses to participate in their thievery. Mr. Brownlow takes Oliver in to live with him. The thieves and Monks still continue to shadow Oliver.

IC5 The climax of the novel is when Nancy is murdered for telling Monk's plans to Oliver's guardians. Mr. Brownlow gets the full story of Oliver's history from Monks. This part of the novel is when the reader is most interested. Obviously, it is a shock when Nancy is murdered. From the beginning of the novel, Oliver's origins remain a mystery until the climax of the story.

IC6 The resolution the story is Fagin is executed and Sikes dies. Monks goes to the States and is arrested when he dies in prison. Oliver's past is solver and he now lives with his adopted father, Mr. Brownlow.

ID On many circumstances, Oliver is not a believable character. Oliver is surprised and horrified when he sees the Artful Dodger and Charles Bates pick pocketing an old man's handkerchief and when he is forced to contribute in a burglary. Other pauper children use vulgar slang but somehow Oliver speaks in proper English. Additionally, he has not been well educated so how does he speak in such proper grammar? When Oliver is manipulated and verbally and physically abused, he does not portray anger or resentfulness of any kind. When Oliver is forced into a burglary by Crackit and Sikes, he begs to be allowed to "run away and die in the fields." Oliver is exposed as a saint throughout the novel.

ID Another unbelievable event in "Oliver Twist" was when Charlotte and Noah Claypole run away and happens to run into Fagin and the rest of the gang. This was such a coincidence which made this scene entirely unbelievable. What chance is there of them running away and just so happening to meet someone that knows Oliver Twist?

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King lear fulfills aristotles definition of a tragic hero in every way, discuss

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King Lear is a brutal play, filled with human cruelty and awful, meaningless disasters. Like many of Shakespeare's plays it involves a tragic hero, as well as King Lear, Macbeth, Hamlet and Othello all contain a tragic hero within their story lines.

King Lear's basic flaw at the beginning of the play is that he values appearance over reality. He wants to be treated like a king but he doesn't want to fulfil a kings obligations. His 'love tests', which he asks his three daughters to participate in, demonstrate that he values a flattering public display of love over real love. He doesn't ask 'which of you doth love us most?' but instead he asks 'which of you shall we say doth love us most?'

Lear's scheming older daughters, Goneril and Regan respond to his test with flattery, telling him that they love him more than anything else, but Cordelia, Lear's youngest and favourite daughter, refuses to speak. When told to speak, she says that she cannot 'heave her heart into her mouth'. In response, Lear flies into a rage, disowns Cordelia, and divides her share of the kingdom between her two sisters.

Throughout the play there is a parallel between the main storyline and the subplot. The subplot in King Lear is about The Earl of Gloucester his illegitimate son Edmund and his legitimate son Edgar. Edmund plots to betray his half-brother Edgar and take his inheritance. By means of a forged letter and a fake attack he convinces Gloucester that Edgar intends to murder him. Gloucester makes Edmund his heir; Edgar flees and disguises himself as a wandering madman. This mirrors Lear's rejection of Cordelia. As a reflection of Lear, Gloucester is the central figure in the sub-plot. He falls prey to Edmund's lies and manipulation and although well meaning, he is a morally weak man.

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Shakespeare's work was greatly influenced by the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle claimed that there was six points that could define a tragic hero.

The tragic hero is a man who is characterized by good and evil. King Lear's character often exhibits evil towards other characters in the play. At the start of the play, Lear's judgement is consistently faulty, not only in the division of the kingdom, but also in his understanding of other characters' motives. His treatment of Cordelia in Act1 scene1; 'Here I disclaim all my parental care, Propinquity and property of blood' Lear disowns his most loved daughter, Cordelia, when she refuses to copy her sisters in their exaggerated declarations of love for him. It is clear that the love, which Cordelia has for her father, is very true, unlike her two sisters. Cordelia is already Lear's favourite daughter at the beginning of the play so presumably he knows that she loves him the most. He treats Kent appallingly in Act 1 scene 1, Kent recognises that Lear is wrong in disowning Cordelia, 'I'll tell thee thou dost evil'. Lear banishes Kent for speaking up for Cordelia. There are many incidents throughout the play, which show his evil and cruelty, he insults Goneril and Regan terribly in Act scene 4,

'Or rather a disease that's in my flesh. Which I must needs call mine thou art a boil, a plague-sore, or embossed carbuncle.'

Lear does show goodness as well as evil in the play in Act 4 scene 7 Lear repents, 'I am a very foolish fond old man.' In Act 5 scene 5 Lear admits that he has killed the slave who murdered Cordelia, ' I killed the slave that was a-hanging thee.' While far from being completely transformed, Lear dies redeemed and forgiven. Aristotle states that a tragic hero is characterized by good and evil, this is definitely true for King Lear.

In Aristotle's definition of a tragic hero he states that the tragic hero has a fatal flaw, or harmatia, that is the cause of their downfall. King Lear's fatal flaw is that he is proud; he wants and expects everyone to publicly worship him. He expects everyone, even his own grown up children to obey him everything including a display of flattery so that he can decide on a whim which of them is to receive his kingdom. He rejects Cordelia as she will not publicly express her love for him, however after the kingdom is divided between Goneril and Regan, he realises they want nothing more to do with him. Lear loses his authority and respect, the two things, which he needs, he requires people to flatter him and to constantly show him the respect, which he feels he is entitled to. By being so proud and expecting everyone to obey him Lear loses his mind when he loses his authority and respect, so King Lear does indeed have a fatal flaw which, is the cause of his downfall.

The tragic hero must have a hubris surrounding him. Lear certainly does have people surrounding him who bring about his downfall. Although Goneril and Regan both declared their love for their father it becomes obvious that they only want his land and his power. In Act 1 scene we see Goneril deliberately ordering Oswald to behave in a way, which she knows will provoke Lear's anger, by creating arguments with her father, Goneril is a key element in her fathers' breakdown. In Act 1 scene 4 Goneril tells Lear that he must reduce the number of knights, which he keeps, by asking this of Lear it is reducing his power and authority as well as the number of knights, which he has. After being told by both Regan and Goneril to dismiss his soldiers, Lear leaves in a fury into a violent storm on the heath. The storm marks the height of Lear's rage. In the play it becomes clear that Goneril is the leading activist in the humiliation of Lear, it is she that begins the argument about how many of Lear's knights he really needs and it is this which leads to his fleeing into the storm and into madness.

The tragic hero almost always goes on a journey. In the play Lear does go on a literal physical journey, however he also undertakes a moral journey. From Act onwards Lear journeys through the storm and the heath, towards Dover. Throughout the first part of the play we continually see Lear in a terrible rage, this builds up in the storm which most of the action of the play revolved. The first half of the play leads up to it and the second half deals with the effects it has had on Lear. It is on the heath, before being persuaded into the hovel, Lear has three great speeches which all seem to be challenging the storm, they are not very long, however they are extremely powerful, full of emotion and show the crazed side to Lear. Later in the play, the doctor states that only when Lear's rage has gone away will he be able to recover, however by that time his rage will have caused him permanent damage. After his madness passes he begins to see the world as it really is and less the way which he imagined it was; he sees Regan and Goneril for what they really are, he realises that Cordelia really does love him, he is more understanding towards other people, he tells the Fool and Kent to seek shelter ahead of him from the storm, this is unusual behaviour for any King. This behaviour marks the beginning of Lear's journey of self-awareness, as opposed to his usual self-pity. By under going his physical journey into the storm he does not realise that it is literally a journey into self-discovery.

The tragic hero is someone people can relate to. Shakespeare created characters that his audience would be able to easily relate to, he did this by giving them realistic human traits; he did not make them perfect. Throughout the action of the play Lear continually exhibits realistic human characteristics. He makes many foolish mistakes, at the beginning of the play he is extremely blind to the truth, he can not see that it is Cordelia who loves him most and not Goneril and Regan, however we know that Cordelia is his favourite daughter at the beginning of the play so presumably he knows she loves him the most. Nevertheless, Lear values Goneril and Regans flattery. As the play develops it becomes clear that Lear develops as a character, he learns from his mistakes and therefore becomes a better and more insightful human being. However in some ways he does not, he never completely recovers from his insanity and emerge as a better King, but his values do change through the course of the play, he realises his weakness and insignificance in comparison to the natural world, this makes his him a much more humble and caring person.

The tragic hero always falls in the end. Like almost all of Shakespeare's plays King Lear ends in tragedy for everyone.

Please note that this sample paper on king lear fulfills aristotles definition of a tragic hero in every way, discuss is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on king lear fulfills aristotles definition of a tragic hero in every way, discuss, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on king lear fulfills aristotles definition of a tragic hero in every way, discuss will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pottery

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In the recent years the world has had a chance to experience women in an entirely different way. Society has gotten a taste of women artists that have emerged all over the world. There are a number of American Indian women that have rare and amazing ability when it comes down to art and pottery. Some women potters have chosen to go as far as leaving their reservations in order to peruse a college education in pottery and the arts. These women have made it known that they want to take their talent to the professional level and they are special in their own way. But on the other side, there is a group of women that have not chosen this road. Instead, this other group of women have chosen to maintain a traditional Indian lifestyle. They stay on their own reservation and only learn what others teach them and grow on their own gifts and talents. They use there own ideas and experiment in new ways to make their pottery express who they are as individuals. They have reached the professional level by sticking to traditional, rather than educational. One of these extraordinary women is Dorothy Torivio, who has taken her special talents and taken pottery to a new extreme.

Dorothy Torivio was born in 146 (Peterson 1). She lives on the Acoma Pueblo located in New Mexico. Thus, Dorothy is proud to be an Acoma potter. Dorothy lives on the Acoma reservation where she is well recognized for her gifts and special talents in the arts. There is a constant demand for her unique pots in her reservation and also around the world. Each one of her pots is done based on the Acoma styles and traditions that she believes in very strongly.

The people of the Acoma Pueblo are known to be possibly the oldest inhabited village in the entire United States (Taret 1). The Pueblo has been around for centuries and they have an ongoing tradition of producing high-quality pottery. The Pueblo is also known as the "sky city". Sky City is situated on a 67-foot-high sandstone rock in the mountains and it is away from all other civilization (Taret 1). (about 7,000 feet above sea level!) Today, approximately 5,00 people live on the Acoma lands and the land is owned collectively by the people (Taret 1). They believe strongly in equality and no one can be considered dominant unless it is in a specific field of authority. If you visit the Pueblo during the spring season, especially on the weekends, you will find a lot of activity going on. Most of the potters display their pieces at the Sky City Visitors Center (Taret ). Each piece that is displayed follows the traditional guidelines of Acoma pottery.

Each Acoma potter starts their pots with the traditional coil and that is the style that they use to make their pottery. Getting the air out of the clay, making the coils and putting together the coils requires a high degree of skill and expertise. Acoma pots are special in the fact that they have extremely thin, but strong, walls. Acoma pots are known for having thin walls and that is their best quality (Dittert and Plog 4). Before the piece is fired and decorated, it is first painted with a kaolin clay slip. Kaolin slip is a very thin white powder that keeps the clay from shrinking in the fire (Dittery and Plog 44). This is very important because Acoma pots are already very thin and when you dry and fire clay, it shrinks on its own . The majority of Acoma pottery is made from a plain clay painted with either a smooth white slip, white on black slip, or black on white slip. The most common colors that are pained on the pots are black, orange, and brown. Acoma has produced substantial amounts of black and orange designs. Also common to Acoma pottery is the fine line designs, animal motifs, and interlocking scrolls (Dittery and Plog 44). Black and white designs on these pots are often optical illusions that tease the eye of the beholder. Some pots are so finely painted with a one strand yucca brushes that the concentration and patience that is required to make such a piece is immense! Designs on Acoma pots may contain anything from deer, flowers, and birds to very fine-lined geometric patterns. They do both organic designs and geometric figures (Dittert and Plog 45). But, on the other hand, they are known to paint such animals as owls and turtles to add to their artistic style and creativity.

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Appropriate sources must be used to persuade audience

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Appropriate sources must be used to persuade audience

This essay shows arguments about how do writers sometimes, fail to choose the right words when writing a literary work. According to Miller and Swift, the authors of the essay, as time passes by, words change their meanings thus, changing their rules when used in grammar but many have a hard time giving it up. As a result, there are many ambiguous and insidious terms that take time and trouble to write more precisely. Contributing to this problem according to them, are the old terms that have lost it favor and the psychological impact of the grammatical rule mandating masculine-gender pronouns. They tried to show who's in charge of the English language by citing several evidences that shows the unconscious degrading effects of the present language today, more especially to the women. The importance of using clear and precise words were also introduced because for them, it reflects a vigorously alive, dynamic society that is capable of identifying almost all of the new situations that has not been a subject of conversations before. For the finale, they quoted George Orwell when he said that we must let the meaning choose the appropriate words not the words to choose the appropriate meaning.

The structure of this essay is based on their assumption that the sexes are thought of as opposite. If one of the sexes is becoming archaic, then the other sex must be the one in charge of the English language. They gave examples of words to prove their assumption and clearly manifests that the two terms, instead of having parallel meanings, happens to overlap one sex over the other. They used the bible and history to establish the facts. "In the book of Genesis, Adam named all the animals and was given dominion over them, later, the story says, "Adam called his wife's name Eve." (550). They also cite distinguishable persons that support their arguments. They divided it in to three sections, "Female-Negative-trial," "The Slippery Slope," and "Resistance to Change and the Problem of Precision.

On the "Female-Negative-Trial" the authors advance the arguments by comparing the two words representing each sex using the definition it has from the most recently updated edition of Webster's Third New International Dictionary. The two entries were proven to be not comparable to one another because the definition of womanly has no other comparable synonyms according to the dictionary than when it defines the man where there are admirable qualities that all of us might wish we had.

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Cultural relativism

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In his article "Cultural relativism and cultural values", Melville Herkovits defines the principle of cultural relativism as "judgements are based on experience, and experience is interpreted by each individual in terms of his own enculturation" (6). This is the basic premise of cultural relativism, that beliefs, values, and morals are all based on one's culture. Therefore, since morality is based on society and different societies have different views of right and wrong, there can be no moral absolutes. Since there are no absolutes, under this view of cultural relativism all moral views determined by one's culture are deemed true whether they conflict or not. Upon first glance, relativism seems like a very appropriate concept of morality in the world. It is clear to see that there are differences of what is acceptable and unacceptable in different societies across the world. Growing up in Western culture I have grown a fondness for meat, especially steak. It is a momentous occasion when I can go out or fix a nice, juicy steak for a meal, the bigger the better. This is not a problem in my culture, save those few health conscience people who say I will die by heart disease, but I don't consider them part of my society anyway. However, if I were raised in an eastern, Hindu, culture these dietary practices would be considered wrong. My act of eating cow would be considered a moral atrocity. From examples like these and many others around the world we can see a good case for different cultures having different moral views, but is that really the case? I believe that at a surface level cultural relativism holds some merit, however if we look deeper into the issue we can find a flawed, and inaccurate theory for the way that the world should work. Some of the biggest arguments given in defense of cultural relativism are the many different practices of different cultures from around the world. Melville J. Herskovits gives examples of a West African culture of Dahomey, which practice polygamy. He also states different religious traditions of different cultures such as African societies that incorporate possession of an individual by a god to be the supreme religious experience. In an exert from his book Ethics Discovering Right and Wrong, Louis P. Pojman describes an Eskimo culture that, "allow their elderly to die by starvation," (). These are all strong examples, but do they actually support the idea that these cultures have different moral values? In the examples given by Herskovits about religious traditions being different this is true, there are various religious practices in various cultures that have dissimilar habits. These however are religious practices and not moral concepts. One church chooses to worship their god using a full orchestra and robed choir, while another chooses to simply have a piano and a singer. Do these churches have different moral principles, or are they merely choosing different expressions of worship? With Pojman's example of the practice of a harsh euthanasia by the Eskimos, he goes further to explain that it is not the moral principle that causes the Eskimos to leave their elderly to starve, but the harsh environment. In the harsh environment of the arctic it is not considered a "good" action, but a necessary one in order for the survival of the whole tribe. Were the tribes to live in a tropical or temperate environment where food is not so scarce this brand of euthanasia would not be practiced. If we also look closer into the example given in the beginning of this paper we can see that the immorality of eating beef is not based on moral principles, but different beliefs. The example of a Hindu culture, (taken from a very intelligent professor of mine) being outraged at the Western practice of eating cow meat is based on the religious belief that dead relatives are reincarnated into animals such as cows. Now this is not a belief held by other Western religions, therefore the consumption of beef is freely practiced. However, what the two cultures do share is that it is immoral to eat relatives. As we can see, the two cultures have the same underlying moral principles, they simply differ on their beliefs. This can also be seen in the polygamous society of the Dahomeans. Although they may have a contradictory practice of marriage than those in Western culture they still hold on to the moral principle that it is wrong to have sexual relations with someone other than your spouse. Even though, they may differ on a Western concept of marriage the underlying principle of the sanctity of marriage is still held along with the need of a family structure. Another problem with cultural relativism is that it throws out the idea that there are moral absolutes. It holds that what is morally right and wrong is dependent on and determined by one's own culture. This is, in a sense, a utilitarian view of morality not being fixed, but a changing concept. In utilitarianism right and wrong is based on what will give the greatest amount of pleasure and the least amount of pain based on the situation. Since this can change from group to group and situation to situation there is no all-encompassing right or wrong action. In the same way cultural relativism claims that there can be no universal laws that must be held over all cultures. This idea, however seems to be the very thing that cultural relativism is trying to create. For if there is truly to be no universal law of right or wrong and it is all to be determined by separate cultures than it must be acceptable for certain cultures to have universal laws. Otherwise, cultural relativism is doing the very thing it is trying to stop which is the judgment of other cultures. It is virtually impossible for the cultural relativist to make the claim that there are no moral absolutes and that all morality is to be determined by one's own culture without willing that his very own claim of relativism be held as universal law. This however, negates the first claim that there is no universal law and then the cultural relativist has no claim at all. In order for the cultural relativist's argument to have any validity he must withdraw his claim of no moral absolutes. The cultural relativist knows that in doing this he allows the concept of standard moral principles that all societies must adhere to which thus weakens his claims. Even in it's objectives cultural relativism is incorrect. When looked upon as a whole, cultural relativism's main objective is to promote tolerance. Tolerance is the idea that one must be accepting of another person's beliefs, values, principles even if they stand in conflict of one's own. The idea of tolerance is a nice one. One of a world without fighting or conflict, however when thought out in its entirety relativism fails to achieve this goal. If all societies' beliefs are to be deemed right by cultural relativism, what if a society is bent on taking over other societies? Let's say that Switzerland is tired of being the neutral, everybody's friend country. Now they're hell bent on taking over Europe and the rest of the world eventually. Under cultural relativism this would be no problem because it is what that culture deems as right, but does this promote tolerance? What if a group of Mexican-Americans in Kansas City decided they don't want to have anything to do with the Japanese-Americans so they bar them from all Mexican-American run businesses? The Mexican-American culture believes this is the right thing to do, but this doesn't promote acceptance of other cultures it simply fuels more hatred by saying that it's okay as long as that's how your culture feels. As has been pointed out cultural relativism seems correct at first glance, but once it is fully examined and brought to its final conclusion we can see that it is not valid. Many examples given for cultural relativism around the world are simply cases of different practices and preferences of cultures and not morals. Some can even be attributed to a necessity due to the situation, but not because they believe it is morally right and others can be clarified as contrasting beliefs, but not morality. In conclusion, I believe that cultural relativism is based off of ethnocentrism, which is the main view it tries to eradicate. Who's to say that cultural relativism is not another Western view to be used to judge cultures that do not have the same practice? If we clearly define cultural relativism we can see that it is another idea that can be used to determine if a culture is good or bad. For if a culture is accepting of all other beliefs than it is following cultural relativism and it is therefore good. However, if a culture believes in only it's beliefs and no one else's it does not fit the ideas of relativism and must be determined as bad or an "uncivilized" culture. Cultural relativism in its purest form is well thought out idea for the world, however, by throwing out moral absolutes and determining everyone as right it simply is not a valid concept. Bibliography Herskovits, Melville J. "Cultural Relativism and Values," Taking Sides, Clashing views on controversial moral issues. Connecticut Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, 18. Pojman, Louis P. Ethics Discovering Right and Wrong, Taking Sides, Clashing views on controversial moral issues. Connecticut Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, 18. Word Count 1546

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Amistad

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Amsted is based on a true story about an 18 slave revolution. La Amistad is the Spanish word for "friendship", ironically the ship had nothing to do with friends at all. The ship's purpose was to illegally transport slaves to Spain.

The slaves were taken from a slave fortress and transported aboard the Tecora to a slave auction in Havana, Cuba. It is horrifying to see the conditions in which these slaves endured in their journey across the Atlantic Ocean. They were shackled and chained, thrown into an unsanitary, overcrowded cell and fed one hand-full of food a day. These conditions were so harsh that only a third of them actually survived to make the final destination. Once they arrived in Cuba, 44 were auctioned off to the Spanish and were to be transported by the way of La Amistad. The revolt on the Amistad resulted in deaths of the captain of the boat and a few of the crewmembers, leaving two men who were necessary to navigate the boat back to Africa. The slaves had control of the boat for a little more than six weeks before the U.S. Navy recaptured the boat and forced the slaves to appear before an American judge and jury for murder. The trial was the beginning of a judiciary battle that would have the American people in frenzy. The abolitionists led by Theodore Jones were fighting for the slaves on the grounds that it was morally wrong and they were illegally taken from their homeland. The slaves were represented by attorney at law Roger Baldwin who thought the case was an open shut case because the issue of their freedom had nothing to do with murder or mutiny, but the fact that their origin was not Cuba, but Africa, meaning they were not legal slaves.

The judge was dealing with more than issues in just this case. He was under pressure of the president Martin Van Buren to send the slaves back to Cuba fearing the southern slave owning states would not re-elect him to office if they were to free the slaves. After hearing the powerful speech of Roger Baldwin the slaves had won their freedom, at least for a short time. When President Van Buren heard the news of the verdict he quickly appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. The slaves were taken back into custody and a new trial was going to begin.

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LEBANESE CIVIL WARAND INTERNATIONAL INTERVENTION

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Lebanon, which used to be called "Switzerland of the East", was devastated by a civil war which started on April 1, 175 and lasted for 16 years and 7 months. The impacts of this war are still present until these days.

In my paper, I'll show that, in addition to Lebanese groups which were involved in the war, there were some external forces which played a major role in the Lebanese civil war. Every foreign group involved, had an agenda the Palestinians, Syrians and Israelis, not to mention the Americans whose troops were also sent in.

Before I start my proof, I would like to give a brief history of Lebanon prior to the civil war. Lebanon, which is multi-religious country, is mainly composed of Muslims and Christians. It's one of the Arab countries, if not the only one, that has a relatively percentage of Christian population. It's also considered to be the country of all Arabs where they could meet freely to exchange services and ideas, and communicate with the western world . However, the lack of national integrity, that most of the developing countries suffer from, including Lebanon, has cost this small country a huge price.

In 14, and after the end of French Mandate on Lebanon, the foundations of the state were set out in a National Covenant, which distributed the seats in the Chamber of Deputies on a ratio of 6 to 5 (6 for Christians and 5 for the Muslims). The Lebanese President is to be a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shiite Muslim. The distribution of seats was based on the 1 census which had shown that Christians were 54% of the total population .

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However, by the early 170s, the religious distribution had shifted. The Christians now made up only 8% of the population; and the combined Sunni-Shiite-Druze population had shot up to 6% . This in fact, pushed Muslims to demand reforms; the Maronites wouldn't accept. Since then, private religious armies started to emerge .

At the same time, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) troops, got forced out of Jordan, so they decided to head for Lebanon where Palestinian refugees were living in many camps, after the 148 and 167 Arab-Israeli wars .

By the mid 170s, the Palestinians had established a state within a state. The PLO mainly settled in west Beirut, the Lebanese capital, and in the south where they launched attacks and got engaged in a guerrilla war against the Israelis. The Palestinians weren't just regular refugees or fighters. They acted in Lebanon if they own it, which made the Christian militias angry and frustrated at the same time .

On April 1, 175, Lebanese Christian Phalangist gunmen ambushed a bus in the suburb of Beirut, killing 7 of its mainly Palestinian passengers. The Phalangists claimed that Palestinians attacked a church in the same area few days before. This incident triggered heavy fighting between the Phalangists and Palestinian militants which later, evolved into a full scale war . So, when the civil war started, all the regions injustices, hatreds, tensions, and weaknesses had found a home in this fragile, fractious state, with its delicate Christian-Muslim balance, its weak central government and its impotent military.

In 176, the Syrian involvement in the war became clear, after the Syrian army joined the battlefield. Syria moved in at the invitation of the Christian Maronites to restore peace and also to curb the Palestinians .

Countries, which supported the Palestinians, were concerned about the Syrian intervention. For instance, Iraq, with its rival Ba'th ruling party, exploited this action to accuse Syria of betraying the Palestinian cause and cooperating with Israel .

The reasons for Syria's involvement in Lebanon weren't just to restore peace and stop the Palestinians. Syria, by its military intervention, was trying to prevent any side in the war from prevailing. Syria didn't want Lebanon to fall under the control of groups and factions that might drag it into an undesired confrontation, and probably a full scale war with Israel . In addition to that, Iraqi Ba'thists, who opposed the Syrian version of Ba'thism, became active in Lebanon as early as the 160s. The breakout of the civil war, made the pro-Syrian Ba'thists in Lebanon weaker. It was necessary for Syrians to move in, in order to halt the activities of Iraqi Ba'thists, and restore the power to the pro-Syrian Ba'thists . On top of that, Syria considers Lebanon a major area of influence and a part of natural Syria that was detached from it by the colonial powers (France and Britain) .

At the same time, Palestinian militants staging raids on Israel from Lebanese territory drew punitive Israeli raids on Lebanon and a large scale Israeli invasion in 178. Israel's target was those Palestinian militants using the south to launch their rockets and raids against Israeli soldiers and civilians. The Israelis rolled in, pushed the Palestinians back, and after few months withdrew their troop after training, equipping and financing their own surrogate army of Christian militiamen .

Israel's involvement in Lebanon wasn't motivated mainly by the presence of Palestinian militants in Southern Lebanon, but also by the volume of Lebanon's water resources (Litany River) and Syrias presence on the Lebanese soil, which could harm Israel's interests in Lebanon .

The Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 178 didn't stop Palestinian guerrillas from attacking Israel. This led to a second invasion of Lebanon by Israel in 18. This time Israel went all the way up to the capital of Lebanon, Beirut. The invasion forced the PLO out of Lebanon. At this point, the main role of Palestinians in Lebanon was over .

Then, the assassination of the newly-elected Christian president, Bashir Gemayel in 18 - who was the head of Phalangists (Israel's main ally in Lebanon) - pushed Israeli forces to occupy West Beirut. Few days later, the Phalangists revenged, by murdering Palestinians in the refugee camps of Shabra and Shatila in West Beirut.

The massacre of Palestinians in the refugee camps, prompted the United Nation, to send a multinational peacekeeping force to Lebanon . This force was mainly composed of Americans, French and Italians. Its main role was to support the central Lebanese government and to restore peace in Lebanon. This multinational force didn't stay long enough. It left Lebanon in the spring of 18, after 60 U.S. Marines and about 60 French soldiers were killed in suicide bomb attacks by Hezbollah, a pro-Iranian Shiite group .

Like Syria, the role of western countries in Lebanon wasn't just to restore peace. For instance, the U.S. wanted to have the Shiites in Lebanon under control so their anti-Western fervor can be contained. A domination of Hezbollah guerillas in Lebanon for instance, might lead in future, to the creation of an Iran-like state on Lebanese soil, which implies more threat to U.S. interests in the region. In addition to that, U.S. wanted Syrian troops to get out of Lebanon, so it can bolster a Lebanese government sympathetic to Israel .

The withdrawal of most of Israeli troops from in Lebanon in 185, didn't affect Israel's involvement in the Lebanese war due to the following factors

1. Israel maintained its political and military contacts with Christian parties

. "Its policy of dialogue and deterrence vis-à-vis Syria"

. The creation of a security zone in Southern Lebanon, where the Israeli army kept a plastered occupation from 185 onwards .

In 18, The Lebanese National Assembly, met in Taif, Saudi Arabia, to find a solution to the Lebanese problem. It endorsed a Charter of National Reconciliation, which gave the Christians and the Muslims an equal number of seats in the National Assembly instead of the previous six to five ratio. The Lebanese civil war officially ended in 11 .

In conclusion, it's clear that the causes of the Lebanese civil war aren't purely internal in their origins. Foreign forces have played a major role in the conflict. Palestinian militants were directly involved in the incident, that triggered the war. They also, used Lebanon as a base to launch their attacks on Israel. Israel's involvement was, by their political and military support for the Christian militants, by their invasions of Lebanon in 178 and 18. Syria played a key role in the civil war. Syrian troops moved into Lebanon at the beginning of the war in order to restore peace, put an end to the Palestinians' actions, and to halt the activities of Iraqi Ba'thists. The U.S. got indirectly involved in Lebanon. Its involvement was by supporting Israel's backing of Christian militants, in order to minimize the possibly of a creation of a fundamentalist Islamic state in Lebanon, similar to the one in Iran. Regardless of who was involved, the result of this civil war was tragic The destruction of a beautiful little country.

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Cat's Eye

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Gordimer employs a paradoxical mingling of continuity and change in order to introduce the Smales unsettling immersion into a foreign class structure. The fact that July began that day for them as his kind has always done for their kind suggests a static continuity or repetition that belies the radical setting change between affluent governors residences, commercial hotel rooms, shift bosses company bungalows and the aperture in thick mud walls that now serves as the Smales front door. The setting change--an abrupt transition between the knock on the door and the non-sequitor that follows (no door)--not only foregrounds the correspondence between place and the formation of identity, but also introduces the inversion of power that characterizes the Smales new dependence upon July. In other words, whereas the master bedrooms of Johannesburg provide a setting in which the Smales exercise authority over July, their displacement to his village suddenly invests July with a degree of power over them (a dialectical Hegelian inversion, about which more below). And yet Julys broken English in the first line (You like to have some cup of tea?) underscores the language barriers that somewhat limit his recourse to power.Several objects are invested with symbolic power in Nadine Gordimers Julys People. Gordimer presents Bams gun and the yellow bakkie (and its keys) as objects that represent power in the text. At the beginning of the text the Smales family owns these objects, and as the narrative progresses their grasp on these objects of power becomes more tenuous, and July and other blacks assume ownership of the objects. The transfer of ownership, like the parallel transfer that occurs in Johannesburg, is uncomfortable for the whites involved. July, as well, experiences some discomfort as he takes power, in the form of the keys. The characters in the novel are continually forced to negotiate new ways of relating to one another, and Gordimer makes use of the awkward communication between the whites and blacks that result from a new power structure and the language barrier between them to illustrate the discomfort of that negotiation. Pages 57 - 6 deal with the issue of the bakkie keys in particular

The speech that Nelson Mandela made on February 11, 10 when he was released from prison.

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