1984 George orwell part one

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Since the onset of the United States, Americans have always viewed the future in two ways; one, as

the perfect society with a perfect government, or two, as a communistic hell where free will no

longer exists and no one is happy. The novel 184 by George Orwell is a combination of both

theories. On

Buy cheap 1984 george orwell part one term paper

The Impact of Stalinism in 184 Truly one of the greatest anti-utopian novels in history George

Orwells 184 is a nightmare vision into the future of a world controlled by totalitarianism

(Meyers 144). Through the character of Winston Smith, Orwell expresses his negative views on

totalitaria 184 by George Orwell Outline Thesis Statement- This paper will examine how George Orwell wrote 184

as a political statement against totalitarianism. I Introduction II Summary of 184 III Roles of

major Charters A. Big Brother B. Winston C. OBrien D. Julia E. Shop owner George Orwell "184" 1.

Outline what the story is about George Orwell's "184" is a book about Winston Smith, a low-ranking

member of "The Party" which rules the nation of Oceania. The Party watches him everywhere through

devices, which are seemingly a combination of televisions, spewing mi

Could the world portrayed in 184 ever really exist? This question haunts readers from the first to the last pages of Orwell's novel. Sadly, the answer is 'yes'; or at least Orwell hopes that readers will leave 184 accepting the possibility enough to question government and tread cautiousl

Since the onset of the United States, Americans have always viewed the future in two ways; one, as

the perfect society with a perfect government, or two, as a communistic hell where free will no

longer exists and no one is happy. The novel 184 by George Orwell is a combination of both

theories. On

The Impact of Stalinism in 184 Truly one of the greatest anti-utopian novels in history George

Orwells 184 is a nightmare vision into the future of a world controlled by totalitarianism

(Meyers 144). Through the character of Winston Smith, Orwell expresses his negative views on totalitaria

184 by George Orwell Outline Thesis Statement- This paper will examine how George Orwell wrote 184

as a political statement against totalitarianism. I Introduction II Summary of 184 III Roles of

major Charters A. Big Brother B. Winston C. OBrien D. Julia E. Shop owner George Orwell "184" 1.

Outline what the story is about George Orwell's "184" is a book about Winston Smith, a low-ranking

member of "The Party" which rules the nation of Oceania. The Party watches him everywhere through

devices, which are seemingly a combination of televisions, spewing mi

Could the world portrayed in 184 ever really exist? This question haunts readers from the first to the last pages of Orwell's novel. Sadly, the answer is 'yes'; or at least Orwell hopes that readers will leave 184 accepting the possibility enough to question government and tread cautiousl

Since the onset of the United States, Americans have always viewed the future in two ways; one, as

the perfect society with a perfect government, or two, as a communistic hell where free will no

longer exists and no one is happy. The novel 184 by George Orwell is a combination of both

theories. On

The Impact of Stalinism in 184 Truly one of the greatest anti-utopian novels in history George

Orwells 184 is a nightmare vision into the future of a world controlled by totalitarianism

(Meyers 144). Through the character of Winston Smith, Orwell expresses his negative views on totalitaria

184 by George Orwell Outline Thesis Statement- This paper will examine how George Orwell wrote 184

as a political statement against totalitarianism. I Introduction II Summary of 184 III Roles of

major Charters A. Big Brother B. Winston C. OBrien D. Julia E. Shop owner George Orwell "184" 1.

Outline what the story is about George Orwell's "184" is a book about Winston Smith, a low-ranking

member of "The Party" which rules the nation of Oceania. The Party watches him everywhere through

devices, which are seemingly a combination of televisions, spewing mi

Could the world portrayed in 184 ever really exist? This question haunts readers from the first to the last pages of Orwell's novel. Sadly, the answer is 'yes'; or at least Orwell hopes that readers will leave 184 accepting the possibility enough to question government and tread cautiousl

Please note that this sample paper on 1984 george orwell part one is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on 1984 george orwell part one, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on 1984 george orwell part one will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Organizational Strategies Based on Products and Markets

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Organizational Strategies Based on Products and Markets

Organizational Strategies based on products/markets focuses on products offered and markets served. An organization using this strategy has four options available to achieve its objectives. It can grow in a variety of ways by concentrating on present or new products and on present or new customers. These four ways are Market

Penetration Strategies, Market Development Strategies, Product Development Strategies, and Diversification.

Market Penetration Strategies These organizational strategies focus on improving the organizations present products with its present customers. Tactics used to carry out this strategy could include price reductions, advertising that stresses the benefits of a product, making the products more available, or using different packaging. Overall, market penetration strategies concentrate on improving efficiency of various functional areas in the organization.

Help with essay on Organizational Strategies Based on Products and Markets

EX

1. snack products company trying to get its present customers to purchase more of its product.

. A bank trying to get its present customers to use their cards more often.

. Procter and Gamble used this by slashing prices on over 40% of its product offerings to stimulate consumer demand.

. Market Development Strategies Using this, an organization would seek to find new customers for its present products. Using this, companies must establish a foothold in the market, sometimes spending alot of money educating consumers why they should buy your product.

EX

1. an athletic company deciding to develop a line of fitness clothing for children.

. A automobile manufacturer deciding to sell automobiles in Europe because of a recent transition to a free market system.

. A govt. social service agency trying to get people who have never used their services before.

. Product Development Strategies With this strategy, the new products developed would be directed towards present customers

EX

1. A college developing programs for nontraditional students.

. A soft drink manufacturer developing a midcalorie or clear cola.

. A candy manufacturer offering fat free candy.

4. Diversification When a company seeks new products for customers it is not serving at present.

EX

1. A cigarette manuf. goes into real estate development.

. A cosmetic manuf. acquiring a baby care products company.

. a) What are the differences between the General Electric Portfolio Model and the Boston Consulting Model? Pages 5 to 7.

a. SBU can be a single product, product line, division or a distinct business

b. All portfolio models can be used to

i. Classify SBUs to determine - future cash contributions

ii. Future resource requirements

iii. Examine the competitive position of the SBU and the chances for improving the SBU's contribution to profitability and cash flow

c. BCG model classifies Strategic Business Units (SBU) in terms of

i. Based on the assumption that profitability and cash flow are closely related.

ii. Thus, relative market share and the growth rate of the market the SBU is in.

d. GE model emphasizes all potential sources of strength not just market share and all factors that influence the long-term attractiveness of a market not just growth rate.

. b) What are the workings of each model? Under what circumstances should each model be used? Use examples.

a. BCG

i. Stars high share or high-growth market

1. Attract competitors

. Cash users because they are growing and the firm needs to protect their market share position

ii. Cash Cows market leaders

1. Market not growing rapidly

. Cash generators of the firm

iii. Dogs low share of a high-growth market

1. Not large sources of cash

iv. Question marks low hare of a high-growth market

1. Great potential require great resources to build market share

b. Management must determine role 4 objectives

i. Build share sacrifices immediate earnings - promising question marks to become stars

ii. Hold share preserve the SBU's market share strong cash cows continue to yield large cash flow

iii. Harvest increase products short term cash flow w/o concern for long run impact weak cash cows, weak question marks and dogs

iv. Divest selling or divesting the SBU dogs, question marks cannot afford to finance for growth

c. GE all SBUs are classified in terms of

i. Industry attractiveness-made up of

1. Market size, market growth, profitability, cyclicality, ability to recover from inflation and world scope

ii. Business Strength

1. Market position Domestic market share, world market share, share growth and share compared with leading competitor

. Competitive strengths Quality leadership, technology, marketing and relative profitability

iii. Once classified placed on a grid

1. Priority A high in both industry attractiveness and Strength firm should build share

. Priority B Medium in ind attract and strength hold share

. Priority C low in both harvest or divest

4. What types of consumer buying situations are there? What type of information is searched at each stage? When is evaluative criteria set? What types of attributes are utilized in this analysis? Illustrate with examples.

Consumer Buying Situations

1. Extensive Decision Making

· Requires the most time and effort since the purchase involves a highly complex or expensive product that is important to the consumer (ex car, house)

· Consumers demand a lot of information about product to make the best choice

· Marketers should provide consumers factual info. that highlights competitive advantages

. Limited Decision Making

· More moderate but still involves some time and effort searching for and comparing alternatives (ex buying clothes go to different stores, compare brands)

· Marketers should use eye-catching advertising and in-store displays

. Routine Decision Making

· Most common type and the way consumers purchase most packaged goods

· Simple, inexpensive, familiar purchases (ex soft drinks, candy bars, soap)

· Usually purchase same brands w/o much deliberation, habitual purchases

· Marketers need to make products readily available for purchase in a variety of outlets and price them competitively, use celebrity spokespeople

Buying Process

1. Need Recognition

· Recognition of unsatisfied need; find out what needs and wants a particular product can and does satisfy and what unsatisfied needs and wants consumers have for which a new product could be developed

· Maslow's Hierarchy lower-level needs must be attended to before higher-level needs can be satisfied

o Physiological

o Safety

o Belongingness and love

o Esteem

o Self-actualization

. Alternative Search once need is recognized, individual searches for alternatives for satisfying the need. Sources to collect info. for a purchase

· Internal previous experience

· Group communication w/ other people

· Marketing advertising, salespeople, dealers, packaging, displays

· Public publicity, newspaper article, ratings of product

· Experiential handling, examining, trying product

. Alternative Evaluation consumer evaluates alternatives based on what he has learned

· information, perception, attributes, relevance, brand

4. Purchase Decision

· Make risk-minimizing decisions based on their perceived definition of the particular purchase (weigh possible consequences and uncertainties)

· Cognitive dissonance uncertainty in purchase decision the more info. collected by consumer prior to purchase, the less likely postpurchase dissonance will occur

5. Postpurchase Evaluation if a response does not satisfy the need adequately, the probability that the same response will be repeated is reduced.

Influences on consumer buying

1. Social Influences Culture, Social Class (during need recog./alternative search)

. Marketing Influences Product, price, Promotion, Place (during Alternative _Eval.)

. Situational Influences (during Postpurchase _Eval.)

5. Organizational markets have several characteristics that contrast sharply with consumer market characteristics. What are those distinguishing characteristics of organizational markets? Illustrate with examples.

Organizational consumers purchase for

· further production,

· usage in operating the organization, and/or

· resale to other consumers

Final (or ultimate) consumers purchase for

· personal,

· family, or

· household use

INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL MARKETS

· Producer

o manufacturers

o service producers

· Reseller

o wholesalers

o retailers

· Government

o federal

o state

o county

o local

· Institutional

o charitable

o educational

o community

o other non-business

DIFFERENCES IN ORGANIZATIONAL MARKETS

Organizational markets (Org MRKT) are different in nature from household consumer markets.

· Org MRKT can use goods for further production, operations, or resale. Household, or final, consumers purchase products for personal consumption.

· Org MRKT can purchase equipment, raw materials, and semi-finished goods. Household purchasers almost always purchase finished goods for personal consumption.

· Org MRKT demand is derived from that of final consumers. If you own a machine shop that makes bushings that are used in washing machine motors, then the demand for your products (bushings) is derived from final consumer demand for washing machines. If the economy is poor, and demand for washing machines is down, then so too will be the demand for washing machine motors and for the bearings that are used in them.

· Org MRKT can make items themselves. Competition in organizational markets comes not only from suppliers of similar goods and services, but can come from buying organization itself. If it is not happy with the supplier's goods, services, or delivery, then it can choose to make those products itself.

Question 6.)

The activities for the Maturity stage in the sales and profit opportunities are that the company would lower prices, have intensive distribution to get the product everywhere, have trade and consumer deals, such as coupons and discounts. For the product and service, the company would offer new features, new styles, or a different type of quality.(ex.campbells soup) This would increase the sales of the products. When adding new features or styles, company could reintroduce their products/services as "new and improved." In the market, the product/service should be repositioned to gain new markets and customers, and to gain new users of the product, or to gain more frequent users of the product (getting people to repurchase). In entering new markets, the product or service can be introduced for new users,- Examples of this are

Baking Powder not just used in baking, used for air freshener

Toothpastes companies have introduced whitening, tarter control, sensitive, ect… for different types of users.

Rogaine was first used for cholesterol, now used to grow hair

Johnson's Baby Shampoo- first just baby shampoo, then shampoo was targeted to men, and also the whole family (adult men and women)

The marketing strategy for a product in the maturity stage of the product life cycle use many of the same products that they have in their lines and uses Battle of the Brands, or Competition of the Brands.

The Product Life cycle is used to develop a marketing strategy depending on the industry, product, technology, and the market.

As products mature, profits for the initiating firm do not keep pace with the sales because of competition. The seller may be forced to "remarket" the product, which may involve making price concessions, increasing product quality, or expanding advertising and sales promotions just to maintain market share.

Mature Products also go through product rejuvenations where they are revamped to extend their life cycle. This increases brand recognition, enhances product offering, offering at lower prices, gives superior product and service quality.

Other examples of finding new markets

Bath+ Body works- aromatherapy product introduction, men's cologne

During this maturity stage, other factors used are penetration pricing, meeting competitions' pricing, intensive distribution to prolong maturity stage for as long as possible to try and reach everyone.

Information Found in handout on product strategies (/17/0)

In text pg6 (chapter 6)

Also may want to look at chart on pg 6 figure 6.

7. What are the bases for market segmentation? Which factors would affect the selection of bases? Illustrate with examples.

There are many different bases for market segmentation. Here is what the book had for examples of consumer markets. Geographic, Demographic, Social, Thoughts and feelings, Behavior, Combined approach.

1. Geographic

a. Continents

b. Global regions

c. Countries

d. Country regions

e. City, country, or SMSA size

f. Population density

. Demographic

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Family size

d. Family life cycle

e. Income

f. Education

g. Marital status

. Social

a. Culture

b. Subculture

c. Religion

d. Race

e. Nationality

f. Social class

4. Thoughts and feelings

a. Knowledge

b. Involvement

c. Attitude

d. Benefits sought

e. Innovativeness

f. Readiness stage

g. Perceived risk

5. Behavior

a. Media usage

b. Specific media usage

c. Payment method

d. Loyalty status

e. Usage rate

f. User status

g. Usage situation

6. Combined Approaches

a. Psychographics

b. Person/situation

c. Geodemography

Examples of this would be if you wanted to know how many people may buy baby food. Then you would look at the demographic base. You would use things like age and family size to see how many babies there are.

It is pretty much self explanatory in the way what ever you want to know about you would look at what bases have the information that you need. And then use it to make a decision.

8. Positioning strategy when an organizations target their customer market by positioning a certain product through different market segments.

· First crucial thing that needs accomplished is the determination of the consumer needs and wants.

For example a company like Verizon may seek more efficient methods for servicing consumer's long distance telephone needs.

Three important topics need to be considered next.

1. Prior segmentation approach is one in which the marketing manager has to decide on the appropriate basis for segmentation in advance of doing any research on the market. Post hoc segmentation is an approach in which people are grouped into segments on the basis of research findings.

. Relevance of segmentation dimensions or bases on which to segment particular markets. This can be determined from previous research, purchase trend, and managerial judgment.

. Choosing a basis for segmentation, which are several variables that represent some useful bases and categories, such as benefit and psychographics segmentation. Benefit segmentation is approach that benefits people in seeking certain products in the market. For example relating certain colors to certain products like in the bottled water industry with the color blue. Psychographic segmentation focuses on consumer personal attributes such as certain activities, interests, and opinions. Finally geodemographic segmentation does identify specific households within a market by focusing on local neighborhood geography (such as zip codes) to create classifications of actual, addressable, map able neighborhoods where people live and shop.

· Using decision-making tools with these segmentations are critical. One of the most popular and widely used tools is known as the "Values and lifestyles" test which is used in variety of companies such as SRI International located in California. This is a survey test of 4 lifestyle questions that place consumers in one of nine categories depending on the outcome. From there they can target different products based on the category.

· Another is called positioning mapping, which is a visual depiction of customer perceptions of competitive products, brands, or models. It is constructed by surveying customers about various product attributes and developing dimension and a graph indicating the relative position of the competitors. Figure 5-6 on page 80 in the test has a great example.

. What are the three segmentation alternatives? What type of marketing strategy is used for each alternative?

Thee three market segmentation alternatives that are available are mass marketing, concentrated, and differentiated marketing. (Page 8)

1. Mass marketing involves

§ Lack of differentiation

§ Very broad range of consumers

§ Limited number of products under one brand for many types of consumers

§ One popular price range

§ Use all possible outlets of distribution

§ Use mass media promotions

§ Appeal to various types of consumers through a uniform marketing program

§ Creates the largest potential market which leads to lower costs

§ Hard to create a simple product for all markets

§ EX. Henry Ford Model T Black Cars

. Concentrated marketing involves

§ One well defined consumer group

§ One brand tailored to one consumer group

§ One primary price range tailored to the consumer group

§ Use all suitable outlets of distribution

§ Use all suitable medias for promotion

§ Appeal to one specific consumer group through a highly specialized marketing program

§ Focuses on specific subgroups

§ EX. American Express Gold Card, or Corporate Card

. Differentiated marketing involves

§ or more well defined consumer groups

§ Distinct brand for each consumer group

§ Distinct price range for consumer group

§ Use all suitable outlets or distribution-differs from segment

§ Use all suitable media for promotion-differ from segment

§ Appeal to or more distinct market segments though different marketing plans catering to each segment

§ EX. Hotels-business travelers, or families, or other

10. What is a total product concept? How do companies use different

components

of this for strategy development purposes? Illustrate with examples.

A total product concept is everything that adds value to a sellers

offering. A seller usually starts out with a generic product or service, from this

generic product or service the client expects some level of service from the

product after it is bought. Sellers then try to figure out how to augment the

product or service. The next level is intangibles, what can the seller do that

is above and beyond the buyers expectations.

The four levels of total product concept are

-generic product

-clients expectations from product or service

-product augmentation

-intangibles

Anyone can sell a generic product once, but it is the other three

levels that

keep a customers coming back. For example, if you bought Energizer

batteries for your camera and they stopped working an hour later, you would

probably not buy Energizer batteries again. The Energizer batteries did not pass

stage #, they did not meet your expectations. The higher up the list a seller

is willing to go, the more likely that chances are that buyers will come

back to buy again. The next time you buy batteries you decide to buy Duracell.

These batteries exceed their expectations and Duracell has taken the time to

send you coupons for your next Duracell purchase. Why would you buy anything

else?

11. How does integrated marketing communications work? How do various

promotion tools contribute to the purchase of a beer product?

· Integrated Marketing Communications Marketing communications program that coordinates and integrates all elements of promotion so that the organization presents a consistent message.

· The elements of promotion are advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and publicity.

· IMC seeks to manage all sources of brand or company contacts with customers.

· Potential buyers go through a process of

1. Awareness of the product.

. Comprehension of what it can do and its important features.

. Conviction that it has value for them.

4. Ordering on the part of potential buyers.

· Marketing communications tools must allow buyer to experience the stages (see page 11, figure 8-1 for a chart).

· Implementation of Integrated Marketing Communications is difficult because

o Internal "turf" battles within organization.

o Reluctance of advertising agencies to broaden role beyond advertising.

Promotion Tools Contributing to the purchase of a beer product

· Advertising

o Any paid form of non-personal presentation of ideas by an identified sponsor that can reach large numbers of people and persuade them.

o Strategic device for gaining competitive advantage in market place.

o Example - Beer Commercials

· Sales Promotion

o Media and non-media marketing pressure applied for a predetermined, limited period of time at the level of a customer in order to stimulate trial, increase consumer demand or improve product availability.

o Examples of Sales Promotions aimed at final consumers

Ø Contests

Ø Coupons

Ø Aisle Displays

Ø Samples

Ø Banners and Streamers

Ø Sponsors

1. Distribution Coverage Required Because of characteristics of product, the environment needed to sell the product, and the needs and expectation of the potential buyer, products will vary in the intensity of distribution coverage they require. Distribution coverage can be viewed along a continuum ranging from intensive to selective to exclusive distribution.

· Intensive Distribution when the manufacturer attempts to gain exposure through as many wholesalers and retailers as possible. Products with low unit value and high frequency of purchase and convenience such as your every day products. (Food, cosmetics).

· Selective Distribution is when the manufacture limits the use of intermediaries to the ones believed to be the best available in a geographic area.

For example large appliance or clothes such as General Electric would use this.

· Exclusive Distribution is when manufacture severely limits distribution, and intermediaries are provided exclusive rights within a particular territory. The determining factor here would be the characteristics of the product. Retail paint stores are an example of the distribution arrangement.

Product life cycle is made up of four stages introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Staying focused on the distribution channels of this cycle. The first stage, which is the introduction stage there is normally a limited number of channels mostly due to the early life of the product and promotion. The growth state has a growing number of channels to meet the increasing demand of the consumer. Next is maturity state where sales and total market profit peek out, so this is giving more incentive to the resellers. Last state is known as decline that is pretty much self-explainable. This is decrease in channels and time to decide on possible new product features, new markets, or new uses. The overall usefulness of the product life cycle concept is primarily that it forces management to take a long-range view of the marketing planning.

1. What are the differences between cost and demand-orientated pricing strategies? Illustrate with examples.

Cost based pricing begins with the costs and works towards the selling prices. The price of the product must cover costs of production, promotions, and distribution plus a profit. In cost based pricing a standard markup is made to the cost of the product. This is the simplest pricing method that is available. Cost based pricing ignores both demand and competition. There are three common forms of cost based pricing. They are markup pricing-a percentage is added to the retailers invoice to determine the final cost. The next method is cost-plus pricing-costs of producing a product are totaled and a profit amount is added. The last method is rate of return or target pricing-price is determined by adding a desired rate of return to the total costs.

Product-cost-price-value-customers

Ex. Pharmaceutical products

Demand-orientated pricing begins with the selling price and then works towards the cost. The final price is obviously affected by the demand for the product. There is a relationship with what people will pay for the product. If the product is not very popular a lower price is set. However, if the product is popular a higher price is set.

Customer-Value-Price-Cost-Product

Ex. Beanie Babies

-

Please note that this sample paper on Organizational Strategies Based on Products and Markets is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Organizational Strategies Based on Products and Markets, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Organizational Strategies Based on Products and Markets will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Nevermore lingers forever

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Nevermore lingers forever. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Nevermore lingers forever paper right on time.

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Edgar Alien Poe is a mystery, a madman and a genius. He has a unique and penetrating insight into worldly life while his works were criticized to be narrow and unhealthy. He was censured and sullied by his American contemporaries while he enjoyed great respect and welcome in Europe. Being a controversial figure in American literature, he deserves our further study to interpret his inner world and his literary realm.

In Poes theory, poetry is the highest literary form and its goal is to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader. He says, beauty aims at an elevating excitement of soul and beauty of whatever kind, in its supreme development, invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. So he spares no effort in exploring and creating his ideal poetry. In his critical works The Philosophy of Composition and -The Poetic Principle-, he defines true poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty, and declares, music is the performance of the soul, or idea, of poetry. His poetic theories are illustrated in a series of excellent poems To Helen, Israfel, The City in the Sea etc which are still popular today. Of them. The Raven, which is one of the most romantic and endurable poems, is probably the best representation of his poetic principles.

The Raven took him four years in composing and was finished in 1844.In this poem Poe reveals his superb skill in employing music and color, rhythm and imagery, mood and consciousness. He discusses the creative process behind the poem in The Philosophy of Composition. No one point, in its composition is referable either to accident or intuition, Poe claimed. The work proceeded, step by step, to its completion with the precision and rigid consequence of a mathematical problem. Poe claims he wrote the poem by first deciding on the effect he wanted, then determining length and tone before considering subject or theme. He arrived at his theme throughthe conviction that since the most poetic effect was beauty, the best tone to achieve it melancholyand the most melancholy occurrence is death, and then the most poetical subject is the death of a beautiful woman. He arrived at his characters after deciding that for the sake of his effect the single word nevermore would be his best refrain. It then followed that a single word could best be repeated by a parrot-or raven, and the death of a beautiful young woman best lamented by her bereaved lover. Poe choicely sets the story in a weak and weary snowy midnight. The young man sits in the chamber where he and his lost lover dated before. Poe thinks that the chamber is more infectious than the forest or the wilderness. The familiar setting is more easily to intrigue the good memory of the past amorousness and love. Meanwhile, he stresses on the details, dying ember, sad, uncertain purple curtain, bleak December, and so on, which all serve to establish the gloomy and dreadful atmosphere of the poem.

Since poetry is, according to Poe, the rhythmical creation of beauty, the only valid province of the poem is that of beauty. There is nothing more dignified than a poem which is a poem and nothing more-this poem written solely for poems sake. He is opposed to the heresy of the didactic and calls for pure poetry. Poetry does not have to inculcate a moral, it has only to be, the artistry of poem lies not in what is being said but in the way it is said. He insists on an even metrical flow in versification. He says that a poem should be neither too long nor too short. Since a unity of impression is desired, a poem should be long enough to achieve an effect but short enough to be read in one sitting. -The Raven is a marvel of regularity and brevity .W. L .Wemer records that, of its 71 complete feet in 108 lines, 705 are perfect trochees, ten doubtful trochees and only four clearly dactyls. We may quote the first stanza from the poem to serve as an illustration.

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Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,

Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore-

While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,

As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door-

Tis some visitor, I muttered, tapping at my chamber door-

Only this and nothing more.

The structure is extremely regular the first line is eight feet, the second line seven feet and a half, the third eight feet, the forth seven feet and a half, the fifth line seven feet and a half, the sixth three feet and a half which is a repetition. The whole poem does exactly the same pattern

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Life

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The ABC's of An Education

"A Homemade Education" by Malcolm X reveals a lot about education through a very unconventional method of receiving an education. He proves how valuable assets such as reading, writing, and determination, are in obtaining an education. These three elements are also precious because of the distance it has taken me so far.

Reading is the single fastest method that a single person can receive information. In turn, it is also a vital part of education and learning as a whole. One can not get through formal education without at least reading on a high school level. But there are other ways of obtaining an education other then the formal school system as shown by Malcolm X in "A Homemade Education", Malcolm X would read the dictionary, which helped him increase his vocabulary, compared to his prior knowledge of only street jargon and slang. When he opened the door to this untapped resource he never looked back to his former way of living.

But Malcolm X did not just stop at reading the dictionary. He would go on to transcribe the words that he read to paper. Writing along with reading is a crucial component of education. For if one can not write what one has learned, it will be extremely difficult to share that information with others. I, as like Malcolm X find it easier to absorb information by putting it down on paper. That way it is easily accessible when needed and it will be a staple in my mind because of the work I had to do to get it on paper.

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Though reading and writing are major components of education they pale in comparison to the importance of determination within education. Without a drive to learn and an openness to new information, a person's mind cannot fully receive a proper education. Malcolm X knew a lot about determination because of his willingness to leave the streets of Harlem. After years of prostitution and selling drugs he did not want to continue that lifestyle much further. It is sad that being institutionalized would be the cause of the turnaround in his life. He started by writing down the entire dictionary. His determination was on display as he wrote down every word in his first step of leaving the criminal lifestyle he once led. Though, I do not have the determination that a young Malcolm had, I do have a drive to be successful and to be the best student I can be.

In conclusion, there are many pieces that make up the puzzle education. Reading, writing and determination are easily the most crucial pieces and without those Malcolm X could not have become the success he became and I could not become what I am today. And if I do not keep these components intact within myself, the road ahead may be bumpier then was expected.

Please note that this sample paper on Life is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Life, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Life will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Analysis of Business Environment--Sage Group Plc in the UK and UFSoft Co., Ltd in ChinaAuthor: Jinqiao Zheng,2003

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Part 1 Background

The Business environment consists of a microenvironment and macro-environment. The microenvironment comprises the forces close to company and affect its ability to serve the customers, such as suppliers, competitors, labour market, financial institutions, and etc. The macro-environment ¡°can provide and overall picture of the variety of forces at work around an organization¡±, they conclude political, economic, social-culture, technological, and legal influences (PESTEL)( Johnson and Scholes, 00, 14). Those forces affect a wide variety business and influence not only local and national sources but also from international development.

Actually, microenvironment and macro-environment become intertwined and have repercussion each other. For example, IT development converted the whole society greatly, not only the type of doing business has been changed dramatically, but approaches of management within the business in every level have been more different comparison with traditional ways. Moreover, the change provides more business opportunities, in the same time, it is inevitable to follow more threats in the business. So it is vital importance to realise the complex business environment and cope with all sort of challenges in order to satisfy the customers and maintain businesses successfully.

My report focus on two companies, which are in software industry--- Sage Group Plc ( UK ) and UFSoft Co., Ltd (China) (Appendix 1). By evaluating different business environment which they are respectively surviving in, through PESTES business analysis, trying to identify some different approaches which they carried out in volatile and dynamic business world.

Part PESTLE Analysis

1. The Political Environment

The political environment has an effect on business activity, from political system and its institutions and processes, to specific issues related with the government environment in the working of the economy and effect of the market (Worthington & Britton, 000, 8). The factors, which the political environment consist of, such as government stability, taxation policy, foreign trade regulations, social welfare policies and the government activities and pressure group, both directly and indirectly, not only influence, but limit various organizations. In many developed economies, legislation affecting business has increased steadily over the years. Legislation has been enacted for a number of reasons. From a market¡¯s standpoint, the first reason is to make companies unfair in marketing competition. The second is to protect consumers¡¯ benefits from their consumption behaviour. The third is to protect the interests of society against unrestrained business operation. Regulations are designed to ensure that organizations have to be responsible for the social cost of their production or products.

The UK¡¯s, as a developed country, political environment is sophisticated and stable, and its legislation encourages competition in the marketplace. As a developing economy, Chinese legislation is being still reformed. Plenty of blank spaces need to be legislated, to do so, more marketing behaviors can obey the corresponding legal. At present, the Chinese government is accelerating to issue and review its legislation. For example, there are around 000 articles of regulation to be revised in recent years in order to meet the needs of the market economy (CPCC news, 00).

Looking at the wider international picture, there are many tapes of constitutions in different country. Hence, the degrees of political influences on business vary from country to country, political impacts are external forces that companies can¡¯t control. Wherever companies are, they are strongly affected by the natures of the political environment.

1.1 Sage Group Plc

--Development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

Sage set up their mission through successful practice, they confirmed ¡°to be the leading supplier of business management software solutions and related products and services to the small and medium-sized business community worldwide¡± (Sage,.Web site, 00). So far, they are providing products and services to million SMEs sized businesses worldwide.

Obviously, the quality and quantity of SMEs will influence Sage¡¯s marketing strategy strongly. Positive policy of encouraging development from the government may create more opportunities for SMEs, so that Sage will obtain a larger business space. However, if the policies lead SMEs to comedown, Sage would decrease market share and get poor performance. For example, once American and British economy become recession because of possible war against Iraq, probably, some SMEs will bankrupt. Consequently, some of customers will be lost from the market. The influence will be determined by the governmental decision making.

--Taxation Policy

Taxation Policy is focused by software industry. It impacts development of Sage. The government gives some tax exception to them, they will survive better than they were. For instance, one of main reasons which software industry developed in America in the latest decades, one of most important reasons is that the government administered a serial of priorities to stimulate its progress.

--Anti-Piracy policy

Anti-Piracy policy from the government and business software alliance will influence the business performance heavily. Illegal copy in America and EU was very serious, UK and EU Software Industry suffered largest financial loss (BSA, 00).

1. UFSoft Co., Plc

--Protecting private possession

Before 17, there were few private businesses in China. UFSoft became number one software producer, they experienced a tough development process. So far, they owned over half billion asset and around 50% management software market share. The shareholders of company focus on the policy to protect private possession very much. They wish the government keeps a constant economic polity and encourages private businesses extending quickly. To ease polarized gap between rich and poor people, by improving social welfare, not ¡°killing rich to save poor¡± policy.

--Entering WTO

China has entered the World Trade Organization in late 001, and the wider availability of consumer credit combined to propel demand( Financial time, 00).

After then, more international software providers desire to occupy a place in Chinese marketing. So far, SAP¡¢ORACLE etc software producer grants have entered the Chinese market and became main competitors with UFSoft, clearly, UFSoft have to cope with a serious competition in the coming years..

--Special priority in tax policy to the software industry

The government issued a serial of priority tax policy in order to stimulate the industry accelerating growth. Particularly, the software companies, which are situated in recognized high-tech areas can only pay % income and profit tax, such as zhongguan village high-tech district in Beijing, which is location UFSoft headquarter is.

--Keeping close relationship with the government is crucial for UFSoft.

In spite of they are private business, however it is easy to be intervened as well as the government think that they are too aggressive. The company has to spend more time maintaining the relationship with the government and suffering the bureaucracy and corruption from the governors.

. The Economic Environment

Butel, L.et al.(1,10) state, ¡°The economic environment of an organization, whether in the public or the private sector, includes the macroeconomy of the country and as well as the industrial sector environment of the organization itself¡± There are many indicators to measure a nation¡¯s economy. Such as gross domestic product (GDP), household disposable income, unemployment, etc. We can explain them by the trade cycle. The consumption of most goods and services tends to increase during prosperity and to decline during recession.

In the UK, the businesses compete in the free market. In the last five years, a recession influenced the increase of economy. However, IT and high-tech had a strong growth, increasing demand put upward supply of software industry. In spite of the amount of SMEs increased slowly (001,.8m; 000,.78m; 1,.7m), (SMEs, 00), its transformation inside still provided larger market to Sage, even including USA and EU market.

Market economy has been forming in China, both demand and supply are in sharp increase in recent years. The emerging huge market provides plenty of business opportunity, most companies are undergoing large changes. Although the Chinese economy was influenced by the Asia recession in 18, it still keep high growth rate. Let us look at the economic figures in 001 below (GolbalEDGE, 00)

Items China UK

GDP purchasing power parity $5.56 trillion $1.47 trillion

GDP real growth rate 7.% .4%

GDP per capital $4,00 $4,700

Industrial production growth rate .% -1.6%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 0.8% 1.8%

Figures show us, in spite of the economic gap is very big, such as GDP (per capital), UK is nearly 6 times than China,, however the two growth rate offer us a future sight of China economy. The inflation is reasonable, only 0.8%.

.1 Sage group plc

As an international firm, not only the domestic economic environment influences Sage¡¯s business operation, but the international economic environment impacts on it.

In 10s, new economy which has been growing fast stimulate shareholders asking a high expectation to Sage. Under the economic circulation, Sage changed their maketing strategy and aimed at American and European market. By the merge and acquisition local software companies, turnover and operation profit increased quickly. For example, its turnover increased by 60% in 1. So far, Sage became a world class PC-based accounting software company in the world.

. UFSoft Co,. Ltd

In the end of 10s, recession in Asia influenced the Chinese economy. Most of enterprises was coping with surviving, and lack of ability to improve management system. Consequently, software industry fell down low valley so the cost per unit raised a lot and result poor financial performance.

After the recession, the demand was stimulated by attractive economy. They carried out successful marketing promotion and got an excellent return. Nevertheless, at that moment, competition was very serious and threats from the competitors challenged the UFSoft.

. The Social Environment

Society is changing at an increasingly rapid rate. Changes in population demographics, income distribution, social mobility, etc, have profound implications for business organizations (Palmer, Hartley, 00,78). There are three forces in the social environment related to organizations¡¯ activities.

--Population demographics. Changing of population size and growth trends, changing age structure of population, and rising number of educated people affect recruitment, training, and redeployment and promotion policies of organizations.

In the UK, the proportion of old people are increasing. In China, the huge population has become a burden to the government. However it gave the market particular needs and opportunities.

--Culture and subculture. It is crucial for a company to appreciate the value of society. In particular, when a company plans to do business in other country that is quite different with its own.

--Lifestyle changes. Software product change people¡¯s lifestyle. In businesses, employees desire to get rid off from heavy daily working in financial department. Demand for accounting software made the market expansion, and wide range application of management software became possibility. However, in the UK and China, people¡¯s lifestyle are in different level. It effects business budgeting on management software with slight difference.

--Consumer movement. Nowadays, there are a lot of groups and organizations seeking to protect the right of consumers in the UK. Chinese customers have started to be concerned about their rights since 10s.

.1Sage Group Plc

--Family composition. There are over 5500 employees around world, most of them are in western countries. Sage have to face such a fact, which more and more employees divorced and became single parent. The phenomena influenced employees concentrating their job as a whole.

--Local communicates. They built up Student Relationship Development( SRD) and have been keeping close connection with colleges and universities, offering a opened practice for students and teachers who are interested in communicate with Sage ( Sage Website, 00)

--Effect of culture on business. Sage understood the buyer behavior, one way which they promote the products is through Partner with accountants. By research, they found that most of the customers used to get advice from its accountancy before making decision to buy accounting software. Because they trust their accountants to help them purchase, install and use the most appropriate financial software for their business.

Sage has branches in other European countries,

Headquater is situated in small town.

. UFSoft CO,.Ltd

--Corruption culture. UFSoft has fit in with all kinds of corruptions, which are universal in the Chinese culture. Usually, the corruption and the use of bribes are endemic in the local culture and essential for UFSoft business success.

--Understanding process of buyer behaviour. UFSoft has occupied over 50% management software market now by their reputation. However, 10s, it was the most effective approach to promote software products through the local government¡¯s power. By partner with accountants like Sage, UFSoft would fail in their businesses.

--Providing integrated management software product. In China, a growing number of companies became financial richer, but time is poor. They want to improve management effectively and efficiency. Considering about this, UFSoft launched ERP( Enterprises Resources Planing) and have become the largest ERP provider in China so far.

--The spirit of company and training. There are over 000 employees in the UFSoft, at present. It is vital to reserve the high quality employees through understanding the spirit of company and necessary training. Those have been necessary condition which the employees require to UFSoft.

4. The Technological Environment

Palmer, Hartley (00,418) point out ¡°The business environment is at present moving through a dynamic and turbulent phase driven by technological change, globalization, and increasingly competitive markets.¡± Nowadays, businessmen should make clear the degree that new technology influences on their businesses, because the environment is always changing and throwing out challenges. For instance, product life cycles are becoming shorter than it was. Most of high-tech companies must concern with development in the technology environment that lead to product innovation and obsolescence. New technologies can create new markets and opportunities and develop new goods and services to be offered to consumers, meanwhile, the business will be given more threats from the dramatically change.

In western country, such as UK, the technological innovations require more investment in research and development in large companies, especially in the software industry. Many companies are transforming organizations to the digital economy, they try to improve their businesses through information technology.

In China, technology has changed dramatically. Not just due to the new economy coming, also due to its poor past. Hence, the effect of technology developed rather than the western countries. Most companies are busy at renovating their equipment and chasing new technology. Particularly in recent year, more and more product ¡° Made in China¡± are being spread around the world. Obviously, they have to suffer more problems, and as possible as to increase productivity and quality, and enable business process reengineering by applying new technology.

4.1 Sage Group Plc.

--More complex and flexible customer business. As a software provider, Sage has to fit to individual need from their customers and maintain the business successfully. For example, in 00, many customers choose to upgrade the current system to the most recent version release and meet the need of business development.

--Selling on line. The Internet and IT accelerate selling software product on line to be possible. Whenever and whenever, it is possible to chose the software products from the Sage. New technology can lead to sell product without limitation.

--Overseas investment. Sage¡¯s overseas investments will be a main part of its profits in the future. The Internet and IT make a possible a global economy. The customers can chose the most appropriate software and service for their organizations. This will bring opportunities to Sage in the global markets. Sage has been investing in European countries and US since the end of 10s, such as France, Germany.

4.UFSoft Co,. Ltd

--Government and industry focus on. The Chinese government has focused on accounting information technology since the middle of 10s. They called on the enterprises improve accounting information system, and increasing productivity effectively and efficiency. The approach, actually, provided enormous business chance to UFSoft ( Sina, 00).

--New discoveries and development. In fact, Microsoft technology solved basic problem in accounting application software, such as spreadsheet technique. Before this, financial software didn¡¯t have uniform platform, it was very difficult to cope with the complicated business transactions by antique technology.

--Research and development. In the middle of 10s, the Chinese government had a budget on software industry R&D, however, the funds trended falling. Thus effecting very much decline of the industry. Some of the software companies had to switch its business dimension.

UFSoft invested near 10% of revenue on expenditure of R&D in 00. Their purpose is to follow technology change closely. So far, they keep plenty of best software designers, such as ERP specialists, who will create huge profit for the company in the coming years.

5. The Legal Environment

Understanding the legal environment will help us to identify the key legal challenges and opportunities facing business organizations, particularly the relationship with customers, suppliers, employees and intermediaries (Palmer and Hartley,00, 1).

There are some general main laws influencing organizations¡¯ activities.

1.Company Law and security Law. At present, in the UK, according to Company¡¯s Act 185, a company may be incorporated in one of three forms limited by shares, limited by guarantee, unlimited. The Company Law defines the different responsibilities of different types of companies. Chinese Company Law was established after 181, later it is adjusted regularly. Security Law is vital to public limited company in China, such as UFSoft..

.Contract Law. The Contract Law is very essential to protect suppliers, buyers, as well employees and financiers. Conflicts often are occured between suppliers and buyers because of ambiguous contracts in China. We have to note that different country¡¯s differentia of the Contract Laws. Therefore, international company often find they have to cope with the different items.

.Employment Law. The relationship between employers and employees is very important for organizations¡¯ long-term development. The law requires firms to provide protection to their employees in term of training, working hours, health and safety, contract of employment and so on. Although the details in the UK¡¯s law and in the Chinese law are different, both are concerned about employee¡¯s rights.

4.Law and the Internet. The development of the Internet doesnt change the principle of the law, however it would make something unclear to deal with sometimes, such as unlawful copying of download from Internet which effluents business strongly. The EU countries have begun to introduce into national legislation a 1 on electronic signatures((Palmer and Hartley,00, ).

5.1 Sage Group Plc

As an international company, Sage has frequently met such legal issues.

--Company Law. Sage has implemented its strategy of expanding by acquisition across EU and US (Financial Time,00). Almost every subject, Sage has to focus on the law in different country very much, importantly, they built up good relationship with lawyers and got a serial of successful mergence and acquisition.

--Contract Law. It is very important to cooperate with accountancy, developers and resellers. Meanwhile, to confirm the right and responsibility explicitly between Sage and them is crucial in the collaboration.

Copyright protect. Illegal copy was very serious in EU and US, in spite of piracy and unlawful download is eased, Sage still cope with may hard work.

5.UFSoft Co,. Ltd

Changes in the legal environment require UFSoft to change its policies.

--Security Law. In 00, Sage has being listed in stock exchange market, at one time, it was reformed to public limited company, and since then, it is restricted by Security Law. In the corporation governance, they realized that they are more different than they were.

--Employment law. In China, there are not real union which represent employee¡¯s benefit in every industry, so that employee concern about contract with employer. In practice, it is frequent to have a conflict between the labour and capitalist. Sage has to carry out the issue prudently.

Part Recommendation

UFSoft and Sage are have their competitive advantage in the business environment. However, Both of them still have a lot work to deal with and achieve their high business goal.

--UFSoft should have more focus on SMEs. In China, SMES, particularly in manufacturing, is in a rapid growth(001,.8m; 000,.5m)( China Statistics,00). It will be a huge management software market for UFSoft. The strategy of developing SMES market would create a broader marketing offering.

--In the supercompetitive global market, Sage should have a stronger competitive strategy to maintain their business. For example, rival from microsoft recently in US market is Challenging Sage. In order to cope with the threat, they should restructure operations in America as soon as possible.

Part 4 Conclusion

Generally speaking, changes on the business environments influence organizations¡¯ activities significantly. These changes can create uncertainty, threats and opportunities for organizations.

Through the PESTLE analysis, we know although UFSoft and Sage are in different countries, to survive in the markets, both have to react to the dynamic environments and try enhancing their market share substantially.

Appendix 1

About two companies

In the report, I will analyse two companies, both of them are in software industry--- Sage Group Plc( in the UK )and UFSoft Co., Ltd(in China). They are emerging software companies, which list on London and Shanghai stock market. In essence, they are very successful in its business, however they have distinctive strategy and implementation to cope with the complex business environment. That is main aspect which I¡¯m interested in.

As a local software company, UFSoft has over 60% market share in financial software and % ERP(Enterprise Resource Planing) in China (UFSoft,00). They are targeting at international software market and has ambition to become one of top software providers in the world before 010.

Sage is a UK based global software company, it is number 1 maker in accountant software in the world (CNNmoney,000). They provided management software and related products and services to million small and medium sized businesses worldwide.

( China Statistics,00)

Bibliograph

Business Software Alliance (00) Business Software Alliance online. Available fromhttp//www.bsa.org/uk/press/newsreleases/

Butel, L. et al (1,10) Business Functions. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers

China People¡¯s Congress Conference (00) China People¡¯s Congress Conference News online. Available from http//www.npcnews.com.cn

Financial time (00) Sage in the hot seat, FT on line. Available from http//news.ft.com/home/uk/

FinanceSina, (00), Reviewing Financial software in China. Available from http//finance.sina.com.cn/

GlobalEDGE, (00) Globa Business Knowledge on line. Available from http//globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryStats.asp

Johnson,G, Scholes,K (00) Exploring Corporate Strategy 6th ed. London, Prentice Hall.

Palmer, A, Hartley, B (00) The Business Environment.4th ed. Maidenhead, McGraw-Hill Education.

Small Business Service (00) Small Business Service Online. Available from http//www.sbs.gov.uk/

UFSoft wabsite,(00) UFSoft Become Number Software Provider in China Market. Available from http//www.UFSoft.com.cn/

Worthington, I. Briton,C (000) The Business Environment. th ed. London, FT Prentice Hall.

Please note that this sample paper on The Analysis of Business Environment--Sage Group Plc in the UK and UFSoft Co., Ltd in ChinaAuthor: Jinqiao Zheng,2003 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Analysis of Business Environment--Sage Group Plc in the UK and UFSoft Co., Ltd in ChinaAuthor: Jinqiao Zheng,2003, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Analysis of Business Environment--Sage Group Plc in the UK and UFSoft Co., Ltd in ChinaAuthor: Jinqiao Zheng,2003 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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US Airways and Government Aid

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US Airways & Government Aid

Article Analysis-Week

Lana Daludado

ECO 60 Economics for Business 1

Group XBSMON10-ECO 60

Franny Chan

October 16, 00

Analysis

What is economics?

Economics is the study of how we, as human beings, manage our needs and wants. We have unlimited wants and needs, but resources are not enough to satisfy our needs. We, therefore, have to make sacrifices once we make a decision on our choices (Colander, 001).

Role of Government

US Airways shows a profit due to government payment. Their first earnings report since they emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in March, were in the second quarter because of a $14 million government aid, which helped offset operating losses and expenses (CBS Marketwatch, 00). The airline made some progress by reducing costs and changing its business. US Airways net profit was US$1-million, with revenue totaling $1.78 billion as overall traffic fell. Last year's quarter, US Airways lost $48 million, with sales of $1.0 billion (CBS Marketwatch, 00). The airline ended the quarter with $ billion in total cash. According to the CEO, David Siegel, the

"airline made great strides against the backdrop of a challenging industry environment"(Swett, C. 00). The cost reductions attained during bankruptcy were valued at $188 million during the quarter. Due to the slow economy, the impact of the war with Iraq and low fares, the airline industry still stands in the worst misfortune. It may take several quarters to earn profitability. US Airways' liquidity is everything, and is reducing its daily cash outflow considerably. When labor costs fell, the fuel costs rose by percent in the last year's quarter.

After the /11 terrorist attacks, there has been a 1 percent decrease in (air) traffic. During the war in Iraq, domestic bookings fell 0 percent and international

Analysis

bookings, 40 percent. A weak economy and terrorism fears have made an impact on international travel for big corporations in America. The Business Travel Coalition, an advocacy group based in Radnor, Pa, gave a survey to corporations. The surveys claim corporations are either banning international travel completely or are considering doing so (Benjamin, M., 00). According to US Airways executives, the third and fourth quarters will be "seasonally weaker." Business travel, which is measured by tickets purchased seven days in advanced before departure, decreased 40 percent from the same quarter last year. Airlines depend on business travelers, by purchasing their tickets close to departure time (Reed, T., 00).

As a result from the U.S. government aid, the six major airlines federal tax refunds added to more than $1.6 billion this year, and these airlines will receive over half of $. billion in prorated refunds of federal security fees (Bond, D. 00). Since last year, there has been a 40 percent increase in fuel costs. US Airways flying capacity reduced to 1 percent, operating expenses fell more than 16 percent in the quarter, and US Airways unit costs decreased 11.4 percent (Reed, T., 00). By comparing last year to this year's business travel revenue, prices have decreased, while revenue increased. When airfares dropped, the movement along the demand curve increased the quantity demanded for revenue. The demand for revenue has shifted to the right, a shift in the demand curve, increasing the revenue of business travel.

Analysis 4

Reference

Benjamin, M. (00, April 7). Bracing for Turbulence. U.S. News and World Report,

40(14), p. Retrieved October 1, 00, from EBSCOhost database.

Bond, D. (00, June 16). Liquid but Leveraged. Aviation Week & Space Technology,

158(4), 54,,1. Retrieved October 1, 00, from EBSCOhost database.

CBS Marketwatch, (00, July 8). US Airways posts profit with government help. The

America's Intelligence Wire, pNA. Retrieved October 1, 00, from InfoTrac OneFile database.

Colander, D. (001). Macroeconomics (Rev. custom 4th Ed., University of Phoenix).

Boston McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Field, D. (00, June 1). Regional revolution goes up a gear. Flight International, 1.

Retrieved October 1, 00, from InfoTrac OneFile database.

Reed, T. (00, July 8). US Airways shows a profit due to government payment. Knight

Ridder/Tribune News Service, pK671. Retrieved October 1, 00, from InfoTrac OneFile database.

Swett, C. (00, July ). U.S. government aid creates 'profit'. The America's

Intelligence Wire, pNA. Retrieved October 1, 00, from Info

Trac OneFile database.

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American Educational System

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In the United States American's enjoy the luxuries of free public education, giving everyone the right to higher education. There are several qualities that are unique to the American education system. The system boasts several first-class virtues but at the same time conceals a scant of atrocious aspects beneath its alluring skin. I suppose every rose has its thorns.

In the United States Americans enjoy the opulence of free education and higher education. The public preparatory schools and secondary schools are equipped with fast computers and high-speed access to the internet. Computers and equipment of that nature used in schools are commonly more advanced than those used in a lot of homes, this was not true only a few years ago. Schools in the United States boast talented and intelligent teachers. Many of the teachers in schools actually have obtained a degree in their field of instruction, which is not true for several other countries, especially third world countries. For Students living in rural locations or that have assiduous parents, a school bus transportation system is available for transportation to and from campus. Televisions in classrooms allow students to get in touch with the outside world and get a grasp on the what is going on around them. These are fabulous qualities that should never leave our system of education.

Now, as I mentioned there are a few select downfalls to America's wonderful education system. The first that comes to mind is comfort. Public schools in the United States are not comfortable. I believe that if one is expected to learn and retain information in their head they must enjoy a high level of comfort to do so. If a student is not comfortable how in the world can they be expected to administer all their attention to an instructor. If a student is too busy worrying about his rear falling asleep and going numb on those hard wood chairs that do not bend, swivel, or fit the curvature of the human form by any means, then how can he be expected to absorb instruction. Yes, people do make good grades, but my theory is these people that make good grades either have a callous pain threshold or perhaps they are truly intelligent despite the comfort zone.

Furthermore, even though the education system in this nation is spectacular, there is something I would change about it. I would reform the method of teaching. I firmly believe in hands-on activities. Yes, students should know how to read and write fluently, especially reports and things of that nature. Yet, a more effective approach to teaching would be to engage in as many physical activities as possible having to do with the topic. For example In U.S. government and economics, students could elect judges and hold court; In English, teachers could more frequently have class discussions on literature; in history, students could act out and film important events in order to understand the crucial aspects of history. This change would keep students awake and alert in class and not to mention, dramatically improve test scores and the overall understanding of scholastic material.

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Bard of Bigotry of Merciful Muse: Comments on Shakespear's Portrayal of Shylock and Othello

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Clint Alexander

English 640

Dr. Boyd

11 December 000

Bard of Bigotry or Merciful Muse

Comments on Shakespeare's Portrayal of Shylock and Othello

Mark Twain, Joseph Conrad and William Shakespeare have all been branded racist at one time or another. In all the above cases, the accuser has failed to read deeply into the text and discover the authors' true intent. An author is affected by his society and invariably constructs stories which reflect the prevailing attitudes of his time so cannot be branded for a thing which he merely transcribes; authors are often simply mirrors to our world. Do we blame the mirror for reflecting a displeasing visage? Some do, and those people not only earn seven years of trouble, but reveal themselves to be mentally unreflective and possessors of hair-trigger sensibilities. Chinua Achebe and Spike Lee are two who misread their respective targets by instilling in them racist attitudes that, under closer scrutiny, disappear into the text and become something else- tolerance and understanding.

A brief mention of the program of racial cleansing which dominated this century will post stark evidence of the extremes with which Shakespeare's work have been applied. The entire nation of Germany, prior to World War I, embarked on a literary crusade of deadly eugenics. Gerwin Strobl, in "The Bard of Eugenics Shakespeare and Racial Activism in the Third Reich," shows us that the Nazis used Shakespeare's plays to justify their program of racial euthanasia. Hans T.K. Gunther, an influential academic figure in 10s Germany and member of the German Shakespeare society, presented a paper to the annual meeting of the society in 17. Titled "Maidens and Matrons in Shakespeare A Practical Perspective," the paper attempted to

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connect Shakespeare to eugenic attitudes "Gunther's address was not merely distasteful, it was in insult to the Society's intellectual tradition, and the individual scholarship of its members"(Strobl 7). We see in genocidal relief the ways in which Shakespeare can and has been interpreted over the years. It is important to note, however, that the German scholars vehemently disagreed with Gunther but were unable to effect any change once the Nazi machine began to roll. While this extreme example shows how Shakespeare can be interpreted by persons willing to forgo reason in an attempt to justify a belief already solidified in their minds, the attitudes in Renaissance England were equally strong, albeit without the accompanying slaughter. I will attempt to show in this essay that Shakespeare was merely representing the prevailing cultural attitudes of racism in England in order to popularize his plays, and that he inscribed within the texts clues with which a careful reader may discern benevolent attitudes towards the Other; we will begin our investigation by revealing the consequences and sources which grew out of and shaped the racial stereotypes of Elizabethan England.

The racist attitudes of Nazism were not a historically isolated event but one which was merely the culmination of a thousand years of anti-Semitism. In our nation today, there is more prejudice directed towards Blacks than there is towards Jews; Elizabethan England was just the opposite. Years of discrimination had preceded Shakespeare and continued long after he was gone. In 10 King Edward I officially expelled the Jewish population from England and were not allowed to reenter until 1656(Meyers ). The two bricks that form the foundation for the especially vehement attitude toward Jews seems to concern Jesus and the absence of a homeland. For Christians, Jews are the people who tortured and killed Jesus, the son of god. While this act may have been preordained, the Jews were responsible for his death. Reflect on this a moment; nowhere in recent history has a human or a group of humans been directly responsible for the death of what is essentially a god. With Jesus being the epitome of goodness, following logic, we

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conclude that his killers must be evil; this leap of logic was, in medieval times, not very strenuous Hyam Maccoby wrote, "Many Chrisitans came to believe Jews had cloven feet and a tail, and that they suffered from an innate bad smell and from diseases of the blood, for which they sought remedies in vampirism"(qtd. in Meyers ).

The fact that Jews had no permanent homeland in which to congregate also added to feelings of anxiety from their host nations. First, history has shown that what is weak often comes to be actively despised. The reason for this, in the case of the Jews, is that they had no military strength to shadow them in their travels to distant lands. Without at least the vague possibility of war with this hypothetical Jewish army, countries and individuals could treat Jews in any manner that they wished. Second, without their own country, Jews were constantly under the suspicion that they would actively seek to supplant the indigenous culture in favor of their own. That many of the Jews were wealthy gave these ideas of revolution at least a small portion of plausibility. Keep in mind also that if a people had the power and inclination to kill a god, the possibilities for mayhem were endless.

In 115 the Fourth Lateran Council of the Roman Catholic church, called by Pope Innocent III, proclaimed an official policy which ordered all Jews to wear distinctive badges. In cities throughout Europe they were forced to live in special areas, called ghettos, and were not permitted to move around freely. During the 1th and 14th centuries several European monarchs confiscated Jewish property and expelled the owners. The Black Death that swept Europe in the 14th century was, by many, blamed on the Jews; "massacres of Jews were common throughout Europe on the charge that Jews had caused the plague by poisoning Christian wells"(Encarta). King Charles VI of France followed Edward's example in 14 and expelled the Jews from his country; Spain in 14 and Portugal in 147, completed the expulsion of the Jews from western Europe.

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By Elizabeth's time England contained a small number of Jews who had ostensibly converted the Christianity. "In many cases, such conversions were merely outward; a class of converts called Marranos (Spanish for "swine") arose, professing Roman Catholocism but adhering to Judaism in secret"(Encarta). It is doubtful that Shakespeare, or any of his contemporaries, had ever encountered a practicing Jew on English soil(Greenblat ), so the stereotypes were free to propagate in the absence of contradictory information. One event examined in detail by William Meyers in his article titled "Shakespeare, Shylock, and the Jews," that solidified antisemitism was the case of Elizabeth's doctor Roderigo Lopez. Lopez was one of the converted Jews and was accused of attempting to poison Elizabeth. The facts, Meyers, points out, are murky on whether or not the doctor was guilty of the crime for many political intrigues were at work at the time. Regardless of his actual guilt, he was hanged on June 7, 154 just in time for the triumphant return of Marlowes 's Jew of Malta.

The Merchant of Venice written two years later was Shakespeare's attempt to cash in on the anti-Jewish sentiments raging throughout England. The question, however, is whether or not Shakespeare was sympathetic to Jews. Shylock is in only five scenes of the play and does nothing criminal; however, the demand for a pound of flesh from Antonio serves to erect the Jew as a monster. This was Shakespeare intent but, beneath the surface, I assert, the playwright was sympathetic to the plight of the Jews and this shows through in multiple ways. The oft-cited "Hath not a Jew eyes?" speech is the most obvious example. Meyers, in his article, believes it to not be as favorable to Shylock as most assume. When "he makes that speech he is in fact talking to two of the least significant characters in the play, the instantly forgettable Salarino and Salanio that is, nobodies"(4). Meyers contends that if Shylock would have been speaking to one of the more prominent characters, the speech would have been more consequential. He also points to the use of prose rather than poetry as another indication of the possible comic use

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Shakespeare put the speech to. While the above may be true, I think on a deeper level Shakespeare was attempting to cast the Other in a more human light than that class was accustomed to. That he speaks in prose tips the reader off to the commonness with which Shakespeare was attempting to veil the Jew in order to, in an indirect way, make Shylock more like the masses and dispel some of the supernatural that had surrounded the race in general.

The basic conflict stems from the religious differences between Christians and Jews. Christians have long struggled with the fact that half of their religion, the Old Testament, descends directly from Jewish faith. The difference between the two, however, is immense. The Old Testament depicts a vengeful God who rights wrongs by visiting the same on the perpetrator that he delivered on his victim an eye for an eye. The New Testament, in contrast, is based around themes of forgiveness and love turn the other cheek. The irony in this play is that while the Christians may consciously abhor the Old Testament's violence and adhere to Christ's example, they actually engage continually in vengeful acts. Antonio is accused by Shylock-admittedly an unreliable witness yet none dispute his allegations of anti-Christian racist activities

He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies, and what's his reason?- I am a Jew.

(.1.46-)

As depicted in all of the revenge plays, Christians are constantly revenging wrongs, fictitious or real. In The Merchant of Venice, the Jewish vengeful deed is not even carried out; what is, however, is the revenge enacted upon Shylock by the Christians. They take half his money, supposedly a Jew's most prized possession, and force his conversion. So while Shakespeare was, for the sake of his public, reviling Jews in this play, he was, in effect, holding up the hypocrisy

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prevalent in his society in regards to non-Englanders Hamlet was right to revenge the supposed murder of his father but Shylock is hated for seeking the same.

Owing to the sentiments of the time, the common audience most likely only saw Shylock harboring and enacting racist thoughts; however, the other Venetians were guilty of the same. Antonio admits to Shylock that he has spit on him and spurned him(1..15-6). Salanio, after hearing Shylock's "Hath not a Jew eyes?" speech observes Tubal, another Jew, approaching and says derisively, "Here comes another of the tribe. A third cannot be matched unless the devil himself turn Jew"(.1.65-5). This comment suggests that not only are Jews evil, they are more evil than the devil in that the devil would have to sink lower to achieve Jewishness. Portia also demonstrates her prejudice when commenting on the failure of the tawny Morocco to win her hand "A gentle riddance. Draw the curtains, go./ Let all of his complexion choose me so"(.8.78-). Then again, she rejoins the Jew bashing when she arrives at court in the guise of Balthasar and says, "Which is the merchant here, and which is the Jew?"(4.1.16). Both Antonio and Shylock are merchants so her implication here is that while Antonio's identity can be equated with his profession, Shylock cannot escape his heritage, for in the eyes of Christians, he is simply and forever a Jew.

This type of prejudice can be seen at work in today's society when someone seeks to describe a someone else. If the person being described is black, they are first identified by color then other characteristics follow; if describing a Caucasian, that same person will list other characteristics(fat, blond hair, etc.) and then as an afterthought, if even then, mention skin color. Shylock's revenge is less a matter of racism than it is personal; the revenge enacted by the Christians is most decidedly settled on in terms of his race. Shylock wishes to retaliate for abuses inflicted upon him because of his race, regardless of the lineage of Antonio. So, in effect, Shylock's revenge is the purer of the two and actually has more merit. Antonio treated the Jew

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badly due to his religion; Portia, and the other Christians, punished Shylock for a crime he had not even consummated.

Shylock's attitude towards his daughter has also allowed many the interpretive license to reinforce the image of monster. It is reported by Salanio, who we know dislikes Shylock, that following the disappearance of Jessica, Shylock shouts

'My daughter! O, my ducats! O, my daughter!

Fled with a Christian! O, my Christian ducats!

Justice! The law! My ducats and my daughter!

A sealed bag, two sealed bags of ducats,

Of double ducats, stol'n from me by my daughter!

And jewels, two stones, two rich and precious stones,

Stol'n by my daughter! Justice! Find the girl!

She hath the stones upon her, and the ducats!'

(..15-)

Salerio reports that all the Venetian boys follow him and cry, "'His stones, his daughter, and his ducats!'"(..4). While the sources of this information is suspect, if true, really says nothing negative about Shylock. Any of the Christians would have been just as distraught at the theft of a portion of their fortune. In fact, one of the stolen items was the ring Shylock received from his dead wife before they were married; he says, "I had it of Leah when I was a bachelor./ I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys"(..101-). His sentimental attachment for the ring goes counter to what the other Christians portray him as and is further evidence for my contention that Shakespeare, while appealing to the general attitude of his centrist audience, instilled pockets of humanity in the Jew. An argument against this view may be raised by citing the comments Shylock makes shortly before about wishing his daughter dead before him with

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the stones in her ears. I would argue that his outburst is just a way to vent his anger and in no way points to his actually wishing it to come true. Look to the pound of flesh that he never exacted from Antonio and we see another dastardly deed promised but unfulfilled, not because he did not have the opportunity, but because he really did not wish to complete the act.

With Shakespeare's portrayal of Shylock, today's audience is afforded a glimpse of the cultural sentiments prevalent in his time. Like all good authors striving for success, he chose topics and depicted characters in a manner which suited the prevailing emotional tide. Shakespeare was a master at producing plays which would appeal to the masses; however, he was also cognizant of the true nature of things and attempted, in his plays, to show that truth to his wider audience. That most did not understand due to being blinded by appearances, is no ones fault but the playgoer and the reader. In Othello we see an even more subtle portrayal of the Other and with it, a more subtle commentary on Elizabethan life.

English colonialism in the 16th century brought an ever-expanding view of the world home. In 146 John Cabot, a Venetian living in Bristol, discovered Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the glove in 157 while a few years later, Thomas Cavendish did the same(Greenblatt ). "Sir Martin Frobisher explored bleak Baffin Island in search of a Northwest Passage to the Orient; Sir John Davis explored the west coast of Greenland and discovered the Falkland Islands off the coast of Argentina; Sir Walter Ralegh ventured up the Orinoco Delta, in what is now Venezuela, in search of the mythical land of El Dorado"(Greenblatt ). This explosion of exploration, coupled with subjugation of the people and land discovered, promoted a sense of superiority and even a little fear. The fear was that by expanding into these "barbarous" lands and returning with its goods and people, English culture was put into jeopardy.

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West Africans had been introduced to London in 156 and while their exact numbers are uncertain, their population had been growing(Aubrey ). So, even if the sight of a black person on the streets of London was no longer strange by Shakespeare's time, the sight of one on stage was still enough to spark, if nothing else, curiosity. In fact, in 1601, Queen Elizabeth issued a royal proclamation authorizing the "transportation to Spain or Portugal of any 'Negroes and blackamoors… within the realm of England'"(Aubrey 7). That the proclamation does not authorize the use of force to expel the blacks suggests that Elizabeth was merely responding to the unrest she discerned in her subjects regarding the burden their presence placed on a stagnant economy as well as their non-Christian nature. The last was probably the most important due to the religious anxieties the country had been suffering under since their break with the Catholic church and Elizabeth's excommunication. England was a country fully aware of their newfound religious standing and strained to protect it at all cost.

Emily C. Bartels, in her essay "Making More of the Moor Aaron, Othello, and Renaissance Refashioning of Race," points out that "While blackness and Mohammedism were stereotyped as evil, Renaissance representation or the Moor were vague, varied, inconsistent, and contradictory"(44). The term "Moor" came to be assigned to a wide range of Africans and even applied indiscriminately to Indians and the whole Moslem community. The confusion grew out of the navigational tomes circulating in England at the time; the two most prominent being Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigations(158) and John Leo Africanus's A Geographical Historie of Aftica(translated into English in 1600 by John Pory). Hakluyt contributed to this ambiguity when he described "'cruel Moores" of one account, who detained Europeans 'in miserable servitude,' and the two 'noble' Moors of another account, one 'of the Kings blood,' who were themselves taken to England"(Bartels 44).

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John Leo Africanus was born in the Spanish colony of Grenada and raised a Moslem before being converted to Christianity in Rome-actually being baptized by pope Leo X himself(Bartels 47). He professed to portray Africans in a fine a way as possible; however, his account is as full of contradictions as is Hakluyt's. "Africanus describes Barbary… as 'the most noble an worthie region of all Africa' and its inhabitants as a 'most honest people'" but then goes on to describe the other African groups as barbarians and addicted to vice"(Bartels 47). Africanus' text is further confused by Pory's translation. Pory concentrated on Africanus' accounts that magnified the Otherness of African people and in his introduction and conclusion, Pory makes it "clear his anti-Moslem bias and the use of the text as anti-Moslem propaganda"(Bartels 48). That these two works gained the popularity that they did testifies to the prevailing fears present in England concerning the undesirable influences the Other can bring.

Othello reflects this ambiguous rendering of the Moor in that it disrupts the "expected representations of race"(Smith 178). We have a black Moor in command of an army while we see a Christian inciting jealousy and murder. While it is Othello who actually commits the murder, it is Iago who orchestrates the deed. I believe that Shakespeare consciously chose this representation, as he did with The Merchant of Venice, to draw an audience while at the same time, and often without them realizing, expand their experience to include the Other as just different shades of themselves.

Othello is a character imbued with all the noble characteristics normally(for Elizabethans) associated with the noble Christian hero. Even so, racist comments circulate throughout the play, all directed to the Moor. Iago is the most prominent and malicious racist in the play, but they all show evidence that Othello's color is his defining trait. When the Duke closes the dispute over the love between Othello and Desdemona he says, "If virtue no delighted

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beauty lack,/ Your son-in-law is far more fair than black"(1..88-). The Duke, dependent on the martial skills of Othello, cannot escape the blackness of his skin. While the Duke may respect Othello, we get a sense that he is simply using the Moor for the good of the state. This does not mean that the Duke is racist, for if he was he would not have a Moor as his general; what this does show, however, is the hypocrisy which often accompanies seemingly altruistic acts.

Hypocrisy is also seen in Desdemona's father, Brabanzio. He had often invited Othello to his home to share stories of his adventures. However, this friendship ends when Iago informs him of his daughter's secret actions. Whatever Brabanzio may cite to explain his anger, it seems that he is more concerned with the disobedience of his daughter than with her choice of mates

O heaven, how she got out? O, treason of the blood!

Fathers, from hence trust not your daughters' minds

By what you see them act. Is there not charms

By which the property of youth and maidhood

May be abused? Have you not read, Roderigo,

Of some such thing?

(1..170-4)

Roderigo encourages Brabanzio's idea that his daughter was ensorcelled and from here on his anger is transferred to Othello; so the hypocrisy is formed but not for the reason's we would initially have expected. Brabanzio is not immediately angry at her choice, just that her choice was not his choice. Through the racist nature of Roderigo-fed by Iago- Brabanzio becomes just another tool in the racist machinery.

Iago functions as the foil to the nobleness of Othello. While he may use racism as the driving force behind his accusations and consistent with the multiple undercurrents Shakespeare instilled, Iago actually has other motives in mind. Ian Smith, in "Barbarian Errors Performing

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Race in Early Modern England," suggest several possibilities "a)Is it the job promotion? b)Does he really believe that Othello has been sexually involved with his wife? c) Does he desire Desdemona for himself? d) Does he really suspect Cassio of being involved with Emilia, too? e) Or, is there just sheer hate of Othello?"(181). The textual proof is given by Smith in a footnote and follows in order "a) 1.1.8-; b) 1..68-7 and .1.76-80; c) .1.71-75; d) .1.86-88; and e) 1..50-5"(181). The exact motive is unimportant, what is is the fact that race is not.

Furthering this hypothesis is Peter R. Moore's assertion, in "Shakespeare's Iago and Santiago Matamoros," that the name Iago is of a Spanish root which means Jacob or James(16). "In Hebrew it means the one who supplants or undermines"(16). Further, Iago is of indeterminate racial origins so, as another Other, would presumably not be prone to racism; a clue to this otherness is Iago's statement of "I am not what I am"(1.1.65). Ironically, if true, Iago, generally looked upon as akin to the Elizabethan culture, would actually be one of the monstrous Others England was so afraid of. The racial stereotypes have been switched between Iago and Othello, further complicating the normally white versus everything else posture held by the Elizabethans.

Finally, we have Othello himself. It would be easy to do as the Nazis have done and interpret the Moor's actions as indicative of racial inadequacy in non-European races(specifically, in Germany's case, non-Aryan races). After all, Othello was unassisted when he murdered his innocent, white wife. However, the real villain of the play is, of course, Iago. Aubrey points out that the language of childbearing recurs in the play and portends ominous events or acts as a metaphor for the mind's production of evil thoughts(). For Iago this "birthing" of evil deeds seems to come naturally to him "Let us be conjunctive in our revenge against him; if thou canst cuckold him, thou dost thyself a pleasure, me a sport. There are many events in the womb of time, which will be delivered"(1..56-). In Act Three, Iago transfers

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this birth metaphor to Othello's mind; however, in contrast to Iago, the birthing process for Othello is painful "I have a pain upon my forehead here"(..88). The pain suggests horns growing out of the forehead of a cuckold; however, we can also imagine it to be the gestation of the evil "seed" Iago has planted in Othello's mind. The pain grows in him as he contemplates the murder of Desdemona in Act Five

Therefore confess thee freely of thy sin,

For to deny each article with oath

Cannot remove nor choke the strong conception

That I do groan withal. Thou art to die.

(5..58-61)

"For Othello to contemplate murder," says Aubrey, "is for his mental womb to labor painfully to give birth to its deformed 'child'; his monstrous conception will issue forth as horrifying action"(5). So we see that, contrary to the racial stereotypes common in England, Othello, a barbarian, is unused to evil thoughts while Iago, supposedly a Christian, is wholly comfortable thinking and enacting those same thoughts.

In the final scene of the play, we see that not only is Othello aware of these stereotypes, but he buys into them. In his final long speech to the persons gathered in his room, he reminds them that he did the state some service and that he did the murderous deed not for want of love, but for the excess. Just before he strikes himself he recalls his earlier story of killing the Turk

And say besides that in Aleppo once,

Where a malignant and a turbaned Turk

Beat a Venetian and traduced the state,

I took by th' throat the circumcised dog

And smote him thus. (5..61-5)

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The first telling was to reinforce his allegiance to his adopted country; the second was in recognition of his fall from honor and back to the stereotypical barbarianism and cruelty of the Other. The tragedy is not simply the mass of bodies strewn about, as many Englanders would suppose, but rests also in the tragic fall of an honorable man by the machinations of people who are stereotypically considered more noble than any "tawny Moor."

What I hope was clear in this paper is the subtle use of theme and characterization which Shakespeare underscored these two plays. While there were many more points that could have been raised, these few should be enough to point out the playwright's temperament in regards to the Other. Conversely, there may also be many points critics may draw out which would seem to disprove my argument by citing examples where Shylock and Othello act according to Renaissance stereotypes. Those critics, however, would only succeed in strengthening my initial argument that Shakespeare, with a close ear to the prevailing cultural winds, presented the public with subject matter and characters they would be drawn to; at the same time, he inserted periodic clues which lead a careful reader to a conclusion different from simply stating that Shakespeare was racist. What is clear is that while Shakespeare may have been completely conversant with racist language and sentiments, he himself felt sympathy for the Other and realized that they were not very different from his countrymen.

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Works Cited

Aubrey, James R. "Race and the spectacle of the monstrous in 'Othello'." CLIO (1) 1-

Bartels, Emily C. "Making More of the Moor Aaron, Othello, and Renaissance Refashionings of

Race." Shakespeare Quarterly 41 (Winter 10) 4-454.

Greenblatt, Stephen. General Introduction. The Norton Shakespeare. By William Shakespeare.

Ed. Stephen Greenblatt, Walter Cohen, Jean E. Howard and Katharine Eisaman Maus.

New York W.W. Norton & Company, 17. 1-74.

"Jews in the Western Hemisphere." Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. 000 ed.

Microsoft Corporation 1-1.

Meyers, William. "Shakespeare, Shylock, and the Jews." Commentary 101 (16) -8.

Moore, Peter R. "Shakespeare's Iago and Santiago Matamoros." Notes and Queries 4 (16)

Smith, Ian. "Barbarian Errors Performing Race in Early Modern England." Shakespeare

Quarterly 4 (18) 168-186.

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