How American's View Arab's

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A stereotype is the creation of a unfair opinion or view; an individual will take the behavior of one person and state that all people belonging to that particular group behave in the same manner. Stereotyping encourages people to react and behave in a manner that is both judgmental and prejudiced. The perception of Arabs has created a system in which prejudices and stereotypes worked their way so thoroughly into literature, education, history, language and social structure that they seem to govern the conflict as much as they are created by it. While newspapers and television news play a major role in the way we perceive individuals, movies, books and sitcoms, that shape our stereotypes. As a favorite pastime, the average American watches anywhere from three to five hours of television per day. Television has the ability to enlighten and enrich the lives of all the people it touches, however, it also has the ability to bring about and create stereotypes.

Television programs and the mass media do not examine the fact that the Islamic religion preaches equality and peace. The distortion of Islam and misconceptions lead television viewers to believe that it's a mysterious religion prone to acts of terrorism, violence, and extremism. The negative stereotypes about Arabs which are presented by the media spill over into the textbooks used in American schools and are taught in the education system. Novels, on the other hand, have often romanticized Arabs as dressed in flowing robes, living against desert hardships, surrounded by submissive females. Others have offered a portrait of Arabs as shifty, evil and corrupt.

In the face of a post-September 11 wave of racially motivated attacks against people from the Middle East where occurring throughout the United States of America; shortly thereafter a resolution was passed by Congress condemning bigotry and violence against Arab-Americans. During the last 1 months by the Justice Department have targeted almost exclusively people from the Middle East and South Asia, and led to the incarceration, deportation and interrogation of numerous individuals who had nothing to do with September 11. Since September 11, many Arab and Muslim immigrants have faced dire prospects of detention, secret trial, deportation, and what is now beginning to look more and more like a new exclusion act aimed at threatening the immigration of people from the Middle East.

Although Arabs and other people from the Middle East are classified racially as white according to the US Census and most affirmative action forms, since the 160s, the US government has unofficially constituted them as a distinct racial group by associating Arabs with terrorism and threats to national security. Right now, in the Middle East there are a lot of deep injustices that ordinary Americans are not aware of. Most people dont realize that the air to ground rockets crashing into the bedrooms of Palestinian children, and the tank shells blowing off their heads are too often made and paid for by the United States. I dont think most Americans know that or want that. The association of Arabs with terrorism is nothing new in the US. It was during the 170s and through the 180s that Arabs came to be regularly portrayed as terrorists. Since 148 the major American media, news, TV, movies, radio, have all characterized people wrongly.

It is time that the American media lived up to its responsibility to treat racial and ethnic groups fairly in the media; the unfair images of Arab Americans, Muslim Americans, African Americans, Mexican Americans, Amerindians, etc. has always been twisted and inaccurate; it is time these incorrect stereotypes were corrected. Hurtful and harmful stereotypes can destroy a person inner spirit. Continuously repeated, they denigrate peoples, narrow our vision, and blur reality, The media is a large factor in the formation of stereotypes and ideologies. Therefore, it is their responsibility to allow their audience to form opinions that are free from the influence of bias and negative stereotypes.

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Romance and love

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Should the man or woman dominate the relationship? Is there a difference in the nature of how men and women act towards relationships?

In a relationship you make a decision. Who will be the provider? Who will be the "Stay at home partner". I think that the decisions between men and women should be up to those who hold the partnership. There are many types of relationships that men and women can have. This can affect the role of either man or woman.

First there is "Companion love." You can enjoy the presence of your partner without expecting any kind of commitment. With this you aren't always worrying about how each other acts around other people. There is no jealousy involved and little or no obligation. There is also what's called "unselfish love." This is what I consider to be a one sided and useless relationship. One partner gives constantly and expects nothing in return. While the other does nothing to contribute to the relationship. Then there's what people call "True love". Each partner gives equally to the other and knows that they can trust each other to the fullest. Love is not something that you know. It is something that you feel. In each of these partnerships there is a role to be played by each of the two partners. I think that there is no such thing as a completely equal relationship. I think that one partner will always be the dominant one. Whether it be the woman or the man.

Although it does not show on the outside, the man is always more susceptible to the wrath of the other it's significant other.

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That fact aside though, I do think that as a relationship goes on, more equality between partners develops. In my opinion this is because they both learn to trust each other more as time goes on. So I say that with months years and days equality and trust are following closely behind. To discuss the topic of True Love vs. Romance. Two people who experience true love will be completely devoted to one another, whereas a romantic relationship may only consist of two people who are together and might not even love each other.

Also there is what I like to call the pre-life relationships. The times before you are an adult when you have relationships, in my opinion, are not really meant to last. They are crash courses in love. They just prepare you for what is to come later in life.

Just remember one thing. To love is to live.

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Age discrimination

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America in a series of high profile lawsuits since 16 for legal awards and settlements--not for race discrimination, not for sexual harassment cases but for age discrimination in the workplace. And, that amount does not include the formidable price tags for legal fees, managers¡¦ time and damage to the organization¡¦s public image Age discrimination is becoming more and more prevalent in the workplace whether we want to believe that or Age Discrimination

Two hundred million dollars and growing. That is the amount spent by corporate not. Many companies now have been known to lay off their older employees, only to later re-hire younger employees to fill the same positions. This not only saves money in salaries (the younger employees receive less in wages than the long-term employee does) but it saves the company from having to pay out retirement packages as well. Companies of course dispute that this is done, but the fact is we see it happening every day.

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) protects against age discrimination under Title VII. Specifically, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), which was passed in 167 by congress, covers discrimination against employees who are 40 or more years old. This topic should be a big concern for employers. The number of elderly workers is increasing, as the baby boomers get older. It is estimated that as many as twenty percent of the claims filed with the EEOC are for age discrimination. Also, age discrimination settlements can be considerably higher than typical discrimination cases. One figure indicates between 188 and 155 the average award was $1,000. (www.ama.net) For this reason alone, employers should take care with how they handle their aging workers.

As mentioned above, the EEOC is responsible for enforcing the age discrimination regulations, including the ADEA of 167. This regulation is in effect supposed to ¡§promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age; to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment; and to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment. (www.eeoc.gov).¡¨ The ADEA lays out the boundaries for age discrimination in all aspects of employment. It not only protects against discrimination for employees, but job applicants as well. Even job advertisements must not include age discrimination. For example, an employer cannot list in its job postings that it is looking for new college graduates because this would single out older, perhaps just as qualified, workers. Age discrimination is also unlawful in apprenticeship programs, pre-employment inquiries, and benefits. The ADEA applies to any company that employs more than 0 people, and age can only be a job requirement if it can be shown that it is a bona fide occupational qualification. This can be very difficult to prove.

Understanding the many qualifications of the older worker has taken some time, but many of today¡¦s companies are beginning to realize the value of such individuals. Many aging workers are reluctant to retire at the standard 6 years of age. Some may have financial reasons, but others just want to continue to work. One problem that may bring up age discrimination cases is the downsizing of companies. Because of downswings in the economy, companies feel the need to downsize; and the older workers tend to be the majority of those let go. It may be through early retirement packages, but oftentimes companies keep the younger workers with less seniority that they may not have to pay as much. Once let go, the older employee often has a much harder time finding a new job.

Some cases of age discrimination that I came across while researching this topic include Parrish v. Immanuel Medical Center (Bennett-Alexander, p.418.), and Arnett and EEOC v. California Public Employee Retirement System (www.eeoc.com). Surprisingly, many of the companies referenced in age discrimination cases were big-name companies. Some of these included Westinghouse Electric, Northrop Grumman, Continental Airlines, First Union Corp., and Detroit Edison. The case involving Parrish and Immanuel Medical Center was filed by 66 year old Mary Ruth Parrish. She alleged that she was discriminated against because of her age after she returned from work from a leave and was told she had to transfer positions instead of returning to her former job. Originally she was a registrar and scheduled patient appointments. She was consistently given good performance reviews and was very accurate despite not being as quick as some of the other workers. In this case she needed to prove that she was qualified for the job and was able to meet all the legitimate job requirements. It was up to the employer to prove that the opposite was true. In this case the court found that even though the company alleged that Parrish was slow and not able to keep up with the new technology, they did not have the proof they needed. The case involving Mr. Arnett and the State of California was over the disability benefits the State was giving to Arnett. The court eventually ruled in favor of Mr. Arnett because it found that the more years in service, the less one was entitled to receive in benefits. This ruling also provided other public safety officers settlements for the reduced benefits they received. The total settlement was approximately $50 million. (www.eeoc.com)

The key for businesses is to minimize their risk for age discrimination lawsuits. It can be much less costly to prevent the lawsuit than to have to pay for a long and costly trial. What can a business do in terms of prevention? The first step is to be able to recognize age discrimination as an important issue. Then a company needs to look within and assess the culture and find out how the employees feel about how they are treated and how older workers are treated. Communication is key in how a business is run. The company should also research the regulations and how other businesses are dealing with the issue. If necessary policies, training, recruiting, hiring practices, and job descriptions may need to be thoroughly evaluated and possible revised. The time spent on documenting possible offenses may be better spent in preventing them. Overall, the morale of employees is what prevents claims. High morale and productivity is built by showing older workers that they are valued by the company and have a place in the environment.

References

Bennett-Alexander, D., & Hartman, L. (001) Employment Law for Business. (Rev.

Custom rd. ed., University of Phoenix). Boston Irwin McGraw-Hill.

The US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Modified on June 7, 00. Retrieved

February 1, 00, from Http//www.eeoc.gov.

Age Discrimination

Age discrimination is one of the most common forms of workplace discrimination that exists. Age discrimination in the workplace occurs any time that one worker is treated differently from another due to age, or another workers beliefs about age-related inability¡¦s. This report provides a definition of age discrimination, an in-depth analysis of the implications of the law as it applies to employers and employees, and a recommendation to assure that the employer is incompliant with the laws regarding age discrimination.

The company I work for employs, trains, compensates and promotes its employees without regard to race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, handicap, veteran status or citizenship. This equal employment opportunity policy applies to all company operations. Although we places a high premium on compliance, there have been issues regarding age discrimination.

Age Discrimination in Employment Act

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 167 (ADEA) protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age. The ADEAs protections apply to both employees and job applicants. Under the ADEA, it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because of his or her age with respect to any term, condition, or privilege of employment - including, but not limited to, hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits, job assignments and training (Bennett-Alexander, D & Hartman, L 001).

It is unlawful to retaliate against an individual for opposing employment practices that discriminate based on age or for filing an age discrimination charge, testifying, or participating in any way in an investigation, proceeding, or litigation under the ADEA (retrieved March 1, 00).

The ADEA applies to employers with 0 or more employees, including state and local governments. It also applies to employment agencies and to labor organizations, as well as to the federal government (retrieved March 1, 00).

In April 16, in O¡¦Conner vs. Consolidated Coin Caterers Corp., a unanimous United States Supreme Court decision clarified the elements to establish a prima facie case (a case sufficiently strong that unless rebutted by the defendant in some fashion, it entitles the plaintiff to recover against the defendant) of age discrimination under the ADEA. The Supreme Court stated that the language ¡§does not ban discrimination against employees because they are aged 40 or older; it bans discrimination against employees because of their age, but limits the protected class to those who are 40 or older.¡¨ The Court also said that it is beneficial to plaintiffs claim of age discrimination if the plaintiff can demonstrate that he or she was replaced by someone significantly younger than he, as opposed to just being replaced by someone under the age of 40 was. An employee is able to sue an employer, if he/she has been discriminated because of age. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that a terminated employee can sue under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act even if their replacement is also 40 or older (Supervision, Vol.57, P.17).

Issues

With today¡¦s aging population there are compelling reasons for rethinking attitudes towards aging and how we approach age discrimination. With an increase in today¡¦s aging population, we will likely see more complaints of age discrimination in the workplace. Longer life expectancies mean people can work productively longer.

Older workers today will likely face stereotypical attitudes. These include assumptions that they are less ambitious, hardworking and dynamic and that they are more resistant to, or are unable to cope with, technological change. These attitudes will place older workers at an increased risk for discriminatory treatment.

Although some workers might fall victim to these stereotypical attitudes not all workers do. Employers need to follow laws regarding age discrimination but should not be punished when hiring a younger person who better meets the requirements of the company. With today¡¦s cutting edge technology and fast paced businesses, to stay competitive employers need to find not only qualified workers but workers who are adaptable to change.

Recommendations

In the progressive workplace of today, older employees with more traditional experience are often viewed as less adaptable than younger employees. When employers seek more recently trained employees, it¡¦s tempting to hire younger employees with lower salaries. It¡¦s also tempting to let go of older, more highly paid workers to decrease expenses further.

Employers and their Human Resource Department need to ensure that the company¡¦s policies, procedures and practices in regard to dealing with training, promoting, hiring and firing employees age 40 and over are in compliance with ADEA. These policies and procedures are guidelines that prohibit age discrimination.

Many employers do not have such policies and procedures in place to deal with age discrimination or any other discrimination. I would encourage employers to adopt policies designed to avoid age discrimination in employment.

My Recommendations to employers to avoid age discrimination are

„h Recruit on the basis of the skills and abilities needed to do the job.

„h Select on merit.

„h When interviewing never ask an applicant his/her age.

„h Job description should not be used as a tactic to attract younger workers.

„h Base promotion on the ability, or demonstrated potential, to do the job.

„h Encourage all employees to take advantage of relevant training opportunities.

„h Base redundancy decisions on objective, job-related criteria to ensure that the skills needed to help the business are retained.

„h Ensure that retirement schemes are fairly applied taking individual and business needs into account.

„h Consult with Human Resources before terminating older workers.

„h Be aware of terminating older workers during reorganization.

„h If you learn of an actual claim of age discrimination, recommend that your company seek legal counsel immediately.

„h Employers should understand the law of age discrimination to avoid potential claims.

¡§Although some forms of discrimination insurance are available to businesses, it¡¦s up to conscientious company professionals to prevent age discrimination from happening in the first place.¡¨ (Boston Business Journal, Vol. 18, P8)

In conclusion, the legal and economic ramifications of age discrimination are avoidable if companies are aware and conscientious of the law regarding age discrimination. Employers that have policies and procedures in place will be successful in the prevention of age discrimination.

Please note that this sample paper on age discrimination is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on age discrimination, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on age discrimination will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Genesis 12-50

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All actions that are taken by man are part of God's plan, whether or not they are aware of it. Even ones that are seemingly negative play a role in the carrying out God's ideas. Throughout the book of Genesis, there are numerous examples of the relationship between man's actions and God's intent. Initially negative ones are especially evident in chapters 1-50. An example is the birth of Ishmael to Hagar and Abram. Another instance is the story of Jacob's deception to his father. A prime example of the relationship is Joseph and his brothers at the end of Genesis.

In Genesis 16, it is discovered that Sarah, wife of Abraham is barren and cannot produce children. As a result, he procreates with Hagar and Ishmael is born. (Genesis 1615) Eventually, Sarah is given the ability to have children and Isaac is born. Sarah insists that Ishmael and Hagar be sent away from their household. Abraham does not want to send him away, but does after he speaks to God. God says Do no be distressed because of the boy and because of your slave woman; whatever Sarah says to you, do as she tells you, for it is through Isaac that offspring shall be named for you. As for the son of the slave woman, I will make a nation of him also, because he is your offspring. (Genesis 11-1) Although Sarah may have believed that the Lord wanted to prevent her to have children, this is not the case. Simply, it was necessary for God to initially make Sarah unable to produce offspring. If He had not, Ishmael would not later become the leader of the Muslims. The delaying of Isaac's birth was just God's way of ensuring Ishmael's birth.

A second example of the involvement of the actions of man and God are in Genesis 7. In this chapter, Jacob deceived Isaac by saying he was Esau to become blessed. In return, Esau gets angry that Jacob received his blessing and resolves to kill Jacob. (Genesis 741-45) Because of this, Jacob flees to his uncle, Laban in Haran. Laban, but he still prospers and has twelve children. While returning to Isaac and the promise land, he wrestles an angel and his name changes to Israel. Israel is a patriarch of the Hebrews and his twelve sons become the twelve tribes of Israel. If Jacob had not deceived his father, he would not have had to escape and perhaps not becoming the patriarch of the Hebrews. Although Jacob lied to his father, it was part of God's plan for him to be driven away from his home and start the lineage of the tribes of Israel.

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Another case of God's plan can be seen in Genesis 7 through 50. Joseph's brothers hated him for being Jacob's favorite. To get rid of him, they sell him into slavery to Midianite traders. Although a slave, Joseph acquires some wealth in Egypt but runs into some problems with the law. Eventually, he rises above these issues and gets reunited with his family. At the end of Jacob's life, the brothers did not want a grudge held against them by Joseph and so they asked him to forgive their crime. (Genesis 5017) When his brothers plead for forgiveness, Joseph responded by saying "Do not be afraid! Am I in the place of God? Even though you intended to do harm to me, God intended it for good, in order to preserve a numerous people, as he is doing today." (Genesis 501-0) This statement encompasses the general theme that goes throughout Genesis. For God's plan to be completed, the evil that the brothers put onto Joseph had to occur in order for the Israelites to be saved. Again, God's plan being fulfilled, even after much adversity for Joseph.

Sarah being barren, Jacob tricking Isaac into being blessed and Joseph's brothers' hatred toward him are all examples of negative occurrences so that a positive event, like the salvation of an entire race, could happen. Genesis shows many accounts of God's plan and man's actions and the theme for the relationship between man and God could still be applied to contemporary times. Who is to say that the current situation in warfare, poverty, or anything at all, is not just another way for God's goals to be reached? Perhaps the ongoing conflicts in the world today are just ways to facilitate another plan of God.

Please note that this sample paper on Genesis 12-50 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Genesis 12-50, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Genesis 12-50 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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SHakespeare translations

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on SHakespeare translations. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality SHakespeare translations paper right on time.

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TRADUCTORES, TRAIDORES Y ESTAFADORES

¿A quin traiciona el traductor? ¿A quien escribió la obra que está traduciendo, o a quien lee esa obra una vez consumado el hecho? Probablemente la traición sea doble, pero la existencia de ese traductor es un mal necesario e inevitable. Aprender ruso para leer a Dostoviesky o a Tolstoi, Japons para leer a Akutagawa o a O, Ingls para conocer a Poe, Shakespeare, y la lista podría seguir, es virtualmente imposible. Puede ser que la traducción que más circula de En Busca del Tiempo Perdido no sea la mejor, pero la obra perdura y se sobrepone a la traducción. Puede ser que Borges se haya tomado ciertas libertades al traducir a Faulkner, pero Faulkner sigue siendo Faulkner, y la fuerza y genialidad de su obra se percibe más allá de que en algún cuento haya algún final cambiado. ¿Cuál sería el problema, entonces, si se puede aceptar esa doble traición del traductor? El problema surge cuando quien lee la traducción conoce (Y entiende) el texto original. El problema se agudiza cuando quien entiende algo del idioma original, está ante una edición bilingüe. El problema empeora cuando el libro que se tiene en las manos es de poesía.

Antes de graficar con ejemplos lo que estoy sosteniendo, creo necesario dejar en claro una postura personal La importancia de las palabras no decae si estamos ante una narración, y el principio de literalidad debe cumplirse (Dentro de las limitaciones que cada idioma otorga) de la manera más fiel posible. Pero estimo que ante un poema ese principio de traducir lo más fielmente posible debe ser algo así como un Mandamiento. Quien traduce un poema está ante una dificultad insalvable que es la que, paradójicamente, da más libertad al traductor La mtrica y la rima. Traducir cualquier poema o soneto con la misma mtrica y la misma rima, y ser literal, resulta imposible. Lo mismo ocurriría si solamente nos preocupara la mtrica. Esa imposibilidad otorga, entonces, la mayor de las libertades Traducir en la forma más literal posible, sin pensar en mtrica y rima, casi como si fuera un relato o una novela. Sin embargo, contrariamente a lo que aquí sostengo, parecería ser que quienes traducen versos se sienten más inclinados a sacrificar cierta textualidad a favor de que los versos rimen, o tengan la misma mtrica. Ejemplos de lo que digo serán expuestos en este artículo. Eso es aún más forzado y violento que el acto de traducir.

Volviendo a la pregunta original de este texto, ¿A quin traiciona el traductor?, encontramos una respuesta casi inmediata y que ya ha sido dada al autor de la obra y al lector. Además de los problemas que puede encontrar quien conoce la obra en su idioma original, existe otro problema aún peor Cuando además de un Traidor, estamos ante un Estafador.

A continuación voy a graficar con ejemplos lo que quiero exponer. La obra elegida es el soneto número XVIII de Shakespeare, y dado que voy a citar tres autores con sus nombres y apellidos, creo justo y hasta tico presentar mi propia traducción de dicho soneto. No quiero imponer mi traducción como ejemplo, si bien la realic siguiendo mis propias convicciones en el campo de la traducción.

El soneto de Shakespeare, en ingls

Shall I compare thee to a summers day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summers lease hath all too short a date

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimmd;

And every fair from fair sometime declines,

By chance or natures changing course untrimmd;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade

Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;

Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,

When in eternal lines to time thou growest

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,

So long lives this and this gives life to thee.

Traducción de Agustín García Calvo (Español), editorial Anagrama, "Sonetos de Amor"

A un día de verano habr de compararte?

Tú eres más dulce y temperado un ramalazo

De viento los capullos de Mayo desparte,

Y el prstamo de estío vence a corto plazo;

Tal vez de sobra el ojo de los cielos arde,

Tal vez su tez de oro borrones empañan,

Y toda gracia gracia pierde pronto o tarde,

Que ya accidente o cambio natural la dañan.

Más tu verano eterno ni jamás se agota

O pierde prenda de esa gracia en que floreas,

Ni Muerte ha de ufanarse que a su negra costa

Vagues, que cara al tiempo en línea eterna creces.

En tanto aliente un hombre o ver el ojo pida,

Vivo estará este verso, y te dará a ti vida.

Traducción de Alfredo Gómez Gil. (Español), Biblioteca EDAF, " Los sonetos de Shakespeare

Debería compararte a un día de verano?

Eres lo más hermoso y apacible.

Rudos vientos de mayo sacuden los capullos,

Y el plazo del verano arriendo pronto vencerá.

De vez en cuando el ojo del cielo resplandece

Y a menudo su dorada consplexión se desvanece;

Y en ocasiones pierde su belleza,

Por accidente o por cambio del curso de la naturaleza.

Más nada apagará tu eterna primavera,

Ni perderás la posesión de la belleza que adeudas,

Ni la muerte se jactará de que por su sombra erres,

Cuando crezcas y perdures en inmortales versos.

Mientras los humanos respiren o los ojos vean,

Mis vivos versos continuarán tu vida.

Traducción de Miguel Montezanti (Argentina), Longseller, " Sonetos Completos"

Si a un día de verano te comparo

Tú eres más templado y placentero

Deja el viento al capullo sin amparo

Y el plazo del verano es pasajero;

El sol del cielo alguna vez calcina

Y otras veces opácase su oro,

Toda belleza alguna vez declina

O natura o azar causan desdoro.

Más tu eterno verano no ha de ajarse

Ni perderás dominio en tu hermosura;

De sombras no podrá muerte jactarse

Cuando en líneas te guarde edad futura.

Mientras que el ojo vea, y hombre aliente

Esto pervivirá y te hará viviente.

Traducción de Juan Jos Burzi.

Te comparar a un día de verano?

Tú eres más bella y templada

Rudos vientos sacuden los adorables capullos de Mayo,

Y el arriendo del verano vence a corto plazo

A veces demasiado candente el ojo del cielo brilla,

Y a menudo es su dorada tez opacada;

Y toda belleza alguna vez decae,

Por casualidad o por el curso desordenado y cambiante de la naturaleza;

Pero tu eterno verano no se marchitará

Ni perderá posesión de esa belleza que adeudas;

Ni la Muerte presumirá de que por su sombra erres,

Cuando en eternas líneas tu crezcas

En tanto los hombres puedan respirar o los ojos ver,

Esto vivirá y te dará vida.

En la primer línea encontramos tres versiones muy diferentes, dos de ellas muy erradas

" Si a un día de verano te comparo" escribe Montezanti, agregándole un condicional inexistente en la obra original. Omite, por otro lado, el tiempo futuro y, además, parece no ver el signo de pregunta en la primer línea.

"¿Debería compararte a un día de verano?" Gil traduce una pregunta en futuro (el auxiliar Shall lo indica) en un " debería" (Should en ingls). Tal vez el sentido de la oración no cambie tanto, pero tampoco parece acertado sacrificar la literalidad de la pregunta por lo que parece ser un capricho del traductor.

" ¿A un día de verano habr de compararte?" escribe Calvo, cambiando tambin el modo en Futuro Simple en que está escrita la pregunta de Shakespeare.

La segunda línea tambin presenta diferencias

" tú eres más templado y placentero" En esta línea, el traductor debe decidir, teniendo en cuenta que en todo el soneto no hay una sola referencia, el gnero de la persona a la cual está dirigido el mismo. Shakespeare era un hombre, y si bien hay versiones de que era homosexual y/o de que muchos de sus sonetos estaban dedicados a un hombre, no creo que la mejor traducción sea un " templado" en vez de "templada". No es ser pacato, simplemente usar el sentido común. De todos modos, es válida la traducción de Montezanti. Otra vez es el traductor quien decide.

Gil, por su parte, se toma la libertad de cambiar, una vez más, las palabras de Shakespeare. "Eres lo más hermoso y apacible." Escribe, cuando es claro que Shakespeare traza una comparación entre un día de Verano y la persona a la que está dirigido el soneto.

" Tu eres más dulce y temperado un ramalazo" Calvo elige, al igual que Montezanti, un "tú" masculino. Por otro lado, escribe en la segunda línea una parte de la tercera, supongo que para que luego rime "ramalazo" con "plazo", lo cual no sería tan grave, a no ser que " ramalazo" ("gust" en ingls), no está escrito en el soneto. Lo veremos en la tercer línea.

"deja el viento al capullo sin amparo" escribe Montezanti, pero Shakespeare no habla ni de " amparo"(shelter, assistance, protection, aid) ni de "capullo" (Bud en singular, Buds en plural, tal como está en el soneto). Tambin olvida escribir que los vientos (winds) son " rudos" (Rough). Parece que la forma en que adjetivaba Shakespeare no le convencía.

"Rudos vientos de Mayo sacuden los capullos" traduce Gil, y parecería, a simple vista, muy bien traducido, pero hay un error de Mayo son los capullos (buds of May), no el " rudo viento". Se puede deducir que si el viento está sacudiendo los capullos que son Mayo, el viento tambin es de Mayo, pero Shakespeare no escribió eso.

" de viento los capullos de Mayo desparte" escribe Calvo, olvidando tambin que los vientos eran " rudos", y prefiriendo escribir "desparte" en vez de " sacude" (do shake).

Una acotación que vale en las tres traducciones, Shakespeare escribió " darling buds of May", ninguno de los tres tradujo el "darling". Al parece a ninguno de nosotros, lectores de lengua española, nos debe interesar saber que los capullos además de ser de Mayo eran "queridos", o " amados", o " adorables" o como quiera traducírseles.

" y el plazo del verano es pasajero" (Montezanti), " Y el plazo del verano arriendo pronto vencerá" (Gil), "y el prstamo del estío vence a corto plazo" (Calvo) son traducciones que pueden ser aceptadas como literales o no, dado que la expresión que utiliza Shakespeare (Hath all too short a date) traducida literalmente perdería el sentido que sí es rescatado en las tres versiones ya dadas.

Terminamos así con la primer estrofa del soneto, y podría seguir así hasta el final, pero no es mi intención escribir un tratado sobre traducción ni parecer tener algo personal contra los tres ilustres traductores que estoy citando como ejemplos de lo que no se debe hacer. Har, si, algunas acotaciones más que por groseras no puedo dejar pasar por alto, y luego expondr mi breve conclusión.

En la línea trece Monzanti traduce " que el ojo vea, y el hombre aliente", omitiendo el modal verb " can" (poder) que utiliza Shakespeare. "que los ojos puedan ver o los hombres respirar", sería la traducción, respetando el orden de las palabras que Montizanti elige. Como se notará, tambin omitió el plural ("eyes" ojos, "men" hombres).

En la línea once traduce " de sombras no podrá muerte jactarse", y no traduce "thou wanderst" (" tu erres", o " tu vagues")

Gil parece no querer dejar algunas cosas libradas al azar. Shakespeare solía referirse a sus propios sonetos. Para nombrarlos, al menos en el soneto XVIII, utiliza el pronombre demostrativo "this"- "esto" - (So long lives THIS and THIS gives life to thee). Gil no quiere entender de sutilezas ni ambigüedades, y reemplaza el pronombre demostrativo por su referente. Donde debería traducir "esto", traduce " versos" (Aún en eso está errado, porque si el referente tendría que ser versos, Shakespeare hubiera utilizado " these" en vez de " this", es decir, que en todo caso Gil tendría que haber traducido " verso" o, más correctamente, "soneto" )

Calvo tampoco quiere saber de sutilezas ni de ambigüedades, aclara, al igual que Gil, el significado de " this", pero al menos lo hace en singular. Una línea antes, línea trece, comete el mismo error que Monzanti, con algunas variantes.

En la línea ocho los tres omitieron traducir la palabra " untrimmd" (Desordenado).

Dejo a quien sepa Ingls el resto, así como tambin mi propia versión del soneto. Algo a favor de los traductores Hay quien entiende que mantener la rima o la mtrica es parte de la traducción, idea con la cual disiento. Hay quienes prefieren una traducción " potica" a una más " literal", y tal vez tendríamos que detenernos a discutir largo y tendido el tema, pero no es mi intención hacerlo. No soy tan necio como para negar que el vuelo potico de cualquiera de las tres traducciones citadas por mí es muy alto, como no podría ser de otra manera siendo un soneto de Shakespeare la base o el leiv motiv que los impulsó a escribirlos. Por que estimo que ninguno de los tres sonetos, tal como están traducidos, podría decirse que le pertenece a Shakespeare. Hay vientos rudos que fueron olvidados, ojos y hombres reducidos a un ojo y a un hombre, capullos de Mayo olvidados y muchas omisiones groseras que me hacen temer, al releer alguna de estas traducciones, el estar ante un Estafador. Por que el traductor debe actuar como un puente entre la obra en su idioma original y la obra en el idioma en que es traducida, debe ser un vaso comunicante de una obra ajena, que si bien hace suya por un tiempo, el que dura la traducción, debe devolverla al otro idioma de la forma más fiel y acertada posible.

Se puede ser un buen traductor o un mal traductor, se puede ser un traidor extremo o un amable traidor, pero no un Estafador. Un Estafador es quien reescribe una obra que no es suya, y por lo general la empeora. Un estafador convierte a todos lo que leen la obra traducida en Estafados, felices, inocentes, avispados, pero estafados al fin.

Los traductores deberían tener presente que no todos son Baudelaire o Borges, y que la omisión o el cambio que en ellos fue motivo de elogio, en la mayoría de los mortales es motivo de sospecha. ¿Traidores, Estafadores, o simplemente Ineptos? Quien lea que decida.

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Jarbis

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One with nature

William Cullen Bryant, American poet and journalist, born on November, 174 in Cummington, Massachusetts, was one of the first American poets to earn praise in the United States. Bryant wrote his finest poetry in his youth. The first draft of Thanatopsis, his most famous poem, was written when he was 16 years of age. The word Thanatopsis is a Greek word meaning meditation on death which Bryant drafted differs from the standard Puritan view of death that had dominated American literature prior to Bryant. Instead of focusing on Heaven and union with God, Bryant foresees death as a return to nature.

In his poem, Bryant tells about how when one dies the grave becomes an endless world, how the deceased become one with the earth and how when one dies they do not die alone. The poem starts out With a general statement on natures various language which breaks down into detailed components of gladness, beauty, sympathy, and consolation (Jelliffe 6). That nature tells us different things at different times. When we are having good times, nature contributes to that. When we are having bad times, nature is willing to help us through our problem. That death could simply be a time of rest that leaves the bodies of the beings, and allows the soul to waken and persist on in the afterlife. He uses strong words to describe the feelings one sees when they are in their last hours, even after they have passed away. The author makes death seem like something that should not be feared, but instead should be looked forward to. Of the last bitter hour come like a blight (). This means that the thoughts of death can be closely associated with nature and that one fact in our lives is that one-day it will end. Bryant referenced, While from all around / Earth and her waters, and the depths of air-- / Comes a still voice (15-17). In this quote, Bryants relates to an allusion of Elijah in the Bible. When Elijah goes through fires and a whirlwind and then hears Gods quiet voice. As well in the first stanza, Bryant is telling the reader to go out and become one with nature when the thoughts of death come. The reason he says this because he believes that people are only here for a short time before death takes them away and that their bodies become parts of nature. He also feels that death should be an exciting and relaxing experience. In this poem We are advised to go to Nature for counsel; she comforts us with the thought of her eternal calm, in contrast to the transitory and feverish existence of man (Phelps). He tries to show that when one dies instead of feeling deep sorrow and pain, one will become embraced by Mother Nature and her calmness. That it will be a smoothing experience rather than a painful and overwhelming experience.

In the second stanza, Bryants points out that all of Earth is the tomb of man, and all who die will be buried with ancient kings and wise men in one giant grave. He also says that when one dies the world will go on as it always has. But everyone who lives after you will soon die, and be buried by your side. In the beginning of the second stanza, Yet not to thine eternal resting-place / Shalt thou retire alone, nor couldst thou wish / Couch more magnificent. Thou shalt lie down / With patriarchs of the infant world- with kings, / The powerful of the earth- the wise, the good, / Fair forms, and hoary seers of ages past, / All in one mighty sepulcher(1-7). Bryant says that when a departed one lays down into his or her eternal resting place, they could never imagine such a wonderful place to lay down forever. He continues to say that the resting place could never have been thought of such an amazing place that one could love so much. He describes the resting place like heaven, a wonderful place where you sleep in the clouds and are joined with all of the people and things you love. Bryant states, All that tread the globe are but a handful to the tribes / That slumber in its bosom (48-50). This reassured us that we will not die unaccompanied because there are more dead people than living and that the dead are everywhere. Bryant point out, Take the wings / Of morning, pierce the Barcan wilderness (50-51). In these two lines the wings can symbolize a holy angelic being, and the morning suggests a time of waking. After waking, the angelic being breaks through the incarceration of the human grave, which compares to the Barcan wilderness, and continues its existence elsewhere. These lines confirm Bryants belief in the afterlife and that he knows death is the end to the material world which led to the afterlife. Bryant mention, Take not of thy departure?(60), which point out how most stoic philosophers vision on death. They believe that people will eventually forget us and go on.

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In what sense can Marshall McLuhan¡¦s ideas about the relationship between the media and society be summed up in the phrase ¡§the medium is the message¡¨?

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Marshall McLuhan¡¦s main thesis, which he developed and maintained throughout his career, is that media has a deep and invisible effect on the world, society, and the way in which we view society. His famous catch phrase ¡V ¡§the Medium is the Message¡¨ refers to his theory that the media is what is important, and regardless of the content, the effect will still be the same. To understand McLuhan¡¦s theories we must try to forget the symbolic content of what is being said, or the superficial interpretation of the actual picture. Instead we must look deeper into the whole infrastructure of the medium itself.

McLuhan described the content of medium as ¡§the juicy piece of meat carried by the burglar to distract the watchdog of the mind¡¨ (McLuhan 16418). For instance, the same words may be spoken face-to-face, printed on paper, or presented on television. But three different messages may be presented simply because of the different senses used to perceive these words. McLuhan argues that modern communication, including radio, television and computers would have far-reaching sociological, aesthetic and philosophical consequences. The dominant medium of any age controls people and reconnects forms of relationship with the world based on which sensory motor apparatus is being used. The phonetic alphabet, printing press and the telegraph were turning points in society because they changed the way people thought about themselves, and even changed the ways in which they experienced the world.

McLuhan divides the history of social man into three eras the Tribal Age, the Age of Print, and the Electronic Age. The Tribal Age is marked by a world where all the senses were balanced and simultaneous, an oral culture structured by a dominant auditory sense of life (McLuhan & Zingrone, 17). The phonetic alphabet and the print revolution changed everything, and in trading an ¡¦eye for an ear¡¦ resulted in a shift towards sequential, lineal thought, reducing the use of all the senses to a merely visual code (McLuhan 16 45).

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Whilst being laced with Wilde's incomparable wit, "an ideal husband" deals with issues which remain as serious today as they were in 1895

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Although the play was written over one hundred years ago, Oscar Wilde deals with important issues, such as society, politics, marriage and hypocrisy. They are dealt with in such a way that Wilde could have been writing in the present day. Whilst the play an ideal husband is crammed full of Wild's incomparable wit, much of the humour has a deeper and darker meaning Like many play writes, Oscar Wilde was aware that many people are hypocrites; as shown in this quote, "men would call it shameful and dishonourable Men who every day do something of the same kind themselves. Men who, each one of them, have worse secrets in their own lives." (Act II, Pg 141). The play is founded on a base of hypocrisy. Wilde's views of an eighteenth century hypocritical society are portrayed throughout the play by most, if not all of the characters. A lot of the play revolves around hypocrisy. "This is the game of life as we all have to play it, sooner or later."(Act I, Pg 18) A perfect example of one of Wilde's hypocritical statements. In society most people are hypocrites, most do not mean to be and do it inadvertently and few do it on purpose. "When the gods wish to punish they answer our prayers."(Act II, pg 145). Shown in this quote is that most people who are hypocritical on purpose, do it to prove a point. It also implies that people do not know what is good for them, and only want bad or materialistic things in life. Most people also have two sides, good and bad, but they normally only show one side. This is illustrated in this conversation, "Arnheim a damned scoundrel. No; he was a man of culture, charm and distinction" (Act II, Pg 14). The character of Lord Goring is also a man of two faces, but he hides the good side and shows off the vain round about town side. Most people put on a false identity in public and it's very rare to find so one who is absolutely pure to their personality, this is said in this quote, " What a mask you have been wearing all these years! A horrible painted mask!"(Act II Pg 166). In this day and age it is a very risky thing to speak your mind. Some people may respect you but most people will dislike you for it, as said here, "I usually say what I really think. A great mistake nowadays." (Act II Pg 145) Life is not black and white, Wilde portrays this in a scene where Lady Chiltern realises her husband is not perfect. Sir Robert excuse is "why do you place us on such monstrous pedestals? We have all feet of clay." This is where Lady Chiltern releases no one is perfect and that life is not black and white but more shades of grey. Society is also full of people who are dishonest, unfaithful and generally undeserving. Wilde shows this here, "Life is never fair. And perhaps it is a good thing for most of us that it is not." and then, " How many men are there in modern life who would like to see their past burning to white ashes before them!" saying that most people have something in their past they regret.

The way Wide deal with marriage is very mocking. Wilde shows his opinion of 18th century married life in a very cynical way, in lines such as "Damme, sir, it is your duty to get married. You can't always be living for pleasure,"(act III Pg 17) Or "Property is at stake. It is not a matter of affection,"(Act III, Pg 177). Both of these quotes suggest that people had to get married to be respected not to be happy or because you loved someone. He also uses epigrammatic reversal of accepted clichs to express himself. These include such lines as "we have married perfect husbands, and we are well punished for it,"(Act I Pg 11) People should be happy when they are married, but this quote shows that this was not always the case in Wilde's time, and today the same is true, the divorce rate has risen hugely in recent years. But there were people who had many husbands in Wilde's plays too, implied by this quote. "I can read [your marriage] like a book … the Book of Numbers,"(Act III Pg 186). Like current day, adultery was committed in the 18th century and Wilde was well aware of this, and portrayed this in this line "Our husbands never appreciate anything in us. We have to go to others for that."(Act I Pg 11) Like nowadays, men did not appreciate women, so they have to go to other men to get pleasure. Like in today's society "People are either hunting for husbands, or hiding from them" (Act I, Pg 117). Then there are some people who lie to themselves that they are happy but inside they are not. Wilde shows this in Sir Robert Chiltern whose secret is eating at him. This is said about him, "You must get a wife sir. Look where your friend Robert Chiltern has got to by probity, hard work, and a sensible marriage with a good woman. Why don't you imitate him, sir?" (Pg 17 act III) The audience knows that Sir Robert has made his money by lying and selling a cabinet secret and not hard work. In both the eighteenth century and today many men are such ill-behaved creatures that very few deserve the women they marry. Wilde says this in this line, "If we men married the women we deserved, we should have a very bad time of it."(Act IV Pg 15)

Like today, society in Wilde's life was far from perfect. In Wilde's day society was bored, aimless, trivial, idle, vain and often bitchy. Not a lot has changed in over one hundred years. Nowadays there are supposed to be no classes and in America anyone can run for president. This is a complete lie; a low paid person from a bad background would never be allowed to even run. Wilde used every chance he could show up the ignorance, snobbery and vanity of the upper class, for example he uses in another of his plays, "Really, if the lower orders don't set us a good example, what on earth is the use of them," (Importance of Being Ernest, Act I) Society was and still unbelievably vain. In today's society everywhere you look there is something telling you what to wear and how to look good. These quotes prove that Wilde recognised this issue as well and that looking good often involves being completely false. "Idle? changes his clothes five times a day."(Act I, Pg111) Or this classic example of Wilde's wit in the form of a paradox, having a deeper meaning of society being false. "- You prefer to be natural? Sometimes. But it is such a very hard pose to keep up."(Act I pg 151) He also uses this line " I don't think I have ever heard you talk seriously before. It won't occur again …" (Act II, Pg15) This is Wilde showing the problem with society was that it was not advised to be serious, it was far better to make oneself seem whimsical. Having mocked the upper class for being too vain, he describes Lord Goring as if he were based on himself. They are both poseurs and somewhat of a dandy. He also mocks English society by saying it is gluttonous in this satirist line from Vicomte De Nanjac "I am so fond of eating. I am very English in all my tastes." (Act I, Pg 14) They had celebrities in the 18th century; Lady Markby is the equivalent to today's posh spice. Like most of today's television presenters they " talk more and says less than anybody I have ever met," (Act II, pg 16) He also uses a lot antithetical balances to show his views of the upper class such as "I don't think man has much capacity for development. He has got as far as he can …"(Act II pg 15) Unlike most play writes Wild making a satirist line at his own sex. He does it again with this line " Common sense is the privilege of our sex. And we men are so self-sacrificed that we never use it, do we, father?" (Act III pg 178)

Since the theory of politics was first invented and put into practice, it has progressively got worse. Wilde thought that the political system was poor as well and made it the background of the play. Some things that has stayed the same are that all politicians on tell the public half the story, this is expressed in this line " sooner or later in political life one has to compromise …,"(Act I, Pg 16) Something else which has not changed is the fact that most of the general public find politics exceeding boring. Wilde portrayed this by saying "… send Sir John [Makby] to the Upper House. He won't take any interest in politics then …" (Act II, pg 160) And saying, "Only people who look dull ever get into the House of Commons, and only people who are dull ever succeed there," (Act IV pg 14) Wilde portrayed one of the characters, Sir Robert Chiltern, as a typical politicians who has a secret he doesn't want people to know about. In this line of dramatic irony the audience know that he has a secret but the characters don't, "[Robert Chiltern] is a noble contrast to the lax morality so common among foreign politicians." (Act IV, pg 14) In short politics has not come a long way since the time of Wilde, and it doesn't look as if it is about to change.

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There is one sentence which is said pops up often, this is, " - You are quite heartless, sir, quite heartless, - I hope not father," By this Wilde means that if he did not have a heart, then he would die or that he would not be able to love anyone. This is humorous because it is repeated throughout the play and turns into a catch phrase, much like in current day comedy shows. The play also has a great many paradoxes within it. One of these is, "Everybody one meets is a paradox nowadays. It is a great bore. It makes society so obvious." (Act III pg 174) This is a sort of paradox within a paradox. To this Lord Caversham replies, " - Do you always really understand what you say, sir? - Yes father, if I listen attentively."(Act III Pg174) This is another example of Wilde's wit.

Blackmail is a very serious issue in todays and 18th century society. Wilde's plays are no strangers to blackmail and 'an ideal husband' is based on blackmail and bribes, and occurs quite frequently. He is one line illustrating bribes, "… you are a man of the world, and you have you price, I suppose. Everybody does nowadays." (Act I pg 17).

Wilde shows the idea of blackmail in Mrs Cheveley; she first blackmails Sir Robert Chiltern to endorse the argentine canal. This would certainly cost him his job and his home etc. he may even have to move abroad. " Loathsome joy [of newspapers] dragging you down - the hypocrite with his greasy smile." (Act I Pg 1) Mrs Cheveley has invested greatly in the argentine canal project after being advised to by Baron Arnheim. So he is torn between approving the canal and saving his job but costing the government lots of money and the respect of his family and friends, or condemning the scheme and loosing his job and riches, but he would save the government a lot of money and he would still have the respect of some of his family and friends for coming clean about his past.

Mrs. Cheveley then tries blackmail Lord Goring into marrying her, if he does, she says she will give Sir Robert Chiltern's letter to Lord Goring on the morning of their wedding day. She says ", I knew you were the only person I have ever cared for, if I have ever cared for anyone," ( pg 185 ) this means that out of all the men she has been with she has only ever loved Lord Goring.

Wilde uses several characters in the play portray corruption in high places. Sir Robert Chiltern could be considered corrupt when he was young and sold a cabinet secret to Baron Arnheim for one hundred and ten thousand pounds. However Sir Robert was in a very difficult position. He could either sell the secret to the Baron or make enough money to make the rest of his life a lot easier, or keep it and have a hard time trying to get to the top. Some people would say he made the right decision others disagree. Baron Arnheim was the person who was really corrupt; he had a high power job and did not need the money like Sir Robert. The Baron could have ignored the secret and lived quite happily. Many people have decisions like these, although often not as important. They know what they should do, but is seems so much more appealing to do the wrong thing and benefit yourself.

Mrs Cheveley is a lady who runs in all the high circles in Vienna and she is very corrupt. She does not have a high-powered job, but she makes it her job to be corrupt and make dirty money, mostly through blackmail. She doesn't care who she uses or hurts as long as she gets what she wants. She is probably two sided but barely, if ever shows her good side. The danger of falling from high places is a serious result usually from a serious wrongdoing. It is something, which Wilde reflects on through Sir Robert Chiltern, but Sir Robert does not fall in the end. If Lord Goring had not saved him then Sir Robert would have lost everything. This is something, which has happened to Jeffery Archer recently, and he has been sent to prison.

Although the characters and events in the play are fictional, much of the story happened to Oscar Wilde himself. In 185 he had three plays running. In each of plays had a character with a dark secret in them. The same year he was arrested and convicted.

He was sentenced to two years hard labour in Reading jail. In 187 he went abroad and died a broken man. So many of the events in his play happened to him and he wrote from the heart.

Please note that this sample paper on Whilst being laced with Wilde's incomparable wit, "an ideal husband" deals with issues which remain as serious today as they were in 1895 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Whilst being laced with Wilde's incomparable wit, "an ideal husband" deals with issues which remain as serious today as they were in 1895, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Whilst being laced with Wilde's incomparable wit, "an ideal husband" deals with issues which remain as serious today as they were in 1895 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Living Room

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As the wind softly and gently push the beautiful pink blossoms to fall slowly on to the ground so that it will paint some color to the sunny and bright August sky. Every thing is still so that they can quietly watch the beautiful pink blossoms travel on to the ground. From the big glass window of the small and decorated living room, stood a girl about the size of an overgrown golden recriever. Her eyes watched closely as each petal of the blossom either fell on to the ground adding beauty to the white marble floor of the backyard or press gently on to the spotless window and the willows. She thought if only I could do something to save this precious day so I won't forget how special blossoms are. Quietly, she tiptoed to her own room up stairs without disturbing her parents. Lapale is a special name; it is named for girls who love everything that add color to nature. Lapale fits this description perfectly. Unlike her sister, Lapale is more into nature than gossiping and talking on the phone. Her turquoise eyes fills with hope as trees and flowers blossoms. Her tiny face pressed so close to the window, it looked like if the window had a face glued onto it. In her room, She quickly took a pencil and some paper and went down stairs to the living room, hurrying as fast as she could so that there would still be blossoms falling from its mother and into the end of life. Lapale reached the living room noticing that an ordinary green book was on the white chair directly across from the window. She open the pages as fast as she could disappointed by the fact that her parents had never show her that book. Inside She found a little suprise; it is not an ordinary book, it is not even a book at all! It is a box made and shaped like a real book. Inside this box are collections of different signs of the four seasons. One thing caught her eyes, a perfectly preserved blossom that she just couldn't take her eyes off of. She took the petal as gently as possible, examine it and found out there are some pictures and writing on it. She slowly took it to the window so she could compare it with the others. It was somewhat different, unlike the ones out side this one has a little mark inside of it, but She couldn't figure it out. She put it under a magnifying glass, but all she could see is some thing that look like an oversized chair. Suddenly Lafale thought of something. She remembered how her parents always said how Lapale resemble her grandma who they had no what her life was like. The over grown chair looked like a couch, so she picked up her feet and crawl under the sofa and found some thing that looked like a old fashion diary. Just then her mother and father walked angrily down stairs and asked her impatiently why she had to get herself all dirty and go under a sofa. Lapale proudly show her parents the discovery she discovered and since Lapale can't read yet, her parents patiently read for her. After they finished reading the story, they settle down to have a long talk. Her parents told her that on the day they were married, her grandma could not make it to their wedding and felt sorry so she ran away, and that is all that was heard of her. After they got home from the wedding, Grand mother wrote them a letter tell them that after they move the only way to know where she is living is in the living room. That time they were so busy moving so they did not bother to look for the letter or diary. Now after all those years, Lapale had found the place where she was living. On top of a small hill filled with every kind of plants you can think of stood a warm little house that want to make you laugh. The outside paint is painted the prettiest shade of blue mixed with the brightest shade of moon light yellow, two of Lapale's favorite colors. Outside came the merriest person Lapale had seen in her whole life. Her cheeks are Rosy red and her face is the most extraordinary face. Not different just extraordinary, indescribable face. Mother ran over and hugged her with all her might making the poor woman tumble backwards. She looked at us with the strangest expression and then silently whispers my mom's name. Lapale was overjoyed, it was the first time in history Lapale seen her Grandma. The lady came over to her and asked if she was their daughter and also hugged her too. I bet Lapale had a good night sleep dreaming silently about the living room, pink blossoms, and her precious grandma.

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Covering Letter Example

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To whom it may concern,

RE COMMUNICATION OFFICER VACANCT POSITION

I am writing with regards to the Communication Officer vacancy within the ICRC delegation in Lebanon advertised in the Daily Star on the 7th of the month.

I am a Media Communications (BA Hons) graduate from the University of Lincoln in England with an Upper Second Class honours degree. Currently in Lebanon, I am eagerly seeking work in a busy organisation that requires dedication, motivation and an eagerness to gain knowledge from their employees.

Although I have only recently graduated, I have always found the time to gain work and practical experience throughout my studies. In my first year at university, I was elected Student Representative of the entire Communications course. The post's duties involved representing my fellow students before the university academia, press and other staff. This increased my confidence in taking forth complaints, appreciations and further issues of a society- in this case, a student society- to a board.

One of my practical experiences has been working in the International Students' society of my university. This involved integrating with students coming from abroad and encouraging them to integrate with their surroundings. Being Publicity Officer allowed me to take part in the advertising of events organised for international students. This built up my confidence in raising awareness for the existence of an organisation and its benefits to the society, which it is maintained in.

As Student Ambassador and part of the student crew of the university's Marketing Department, I represented the university for three consecutive years. I took part in organising open days at the university for students and parents to attend both nationwide and worldwide. I took part in preparing lectures to inform the university's visitors about the university and what they should expect from it. This position enabled me to be perceptive and relate to people.

Your delegation will be able to benefit from my researching, communication, presentation, organisation and marketing skills.

I have enclosed my CV, which should further highlight my experiences and qualifications, should they benefit your organisation. Should you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me when the timing suits you best.

I look forward to hearing from you very soon.

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Political Science

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Our founding father set forth a constitution in 1787 to insulate government from the masses, and create a national government that has the capabilities to do what it wants and needs, by a government compiled as a result of the elite, white, Anglo-Saxon men of each state. A government elite is when there is A minority that should be the only one to govern. These delegates say the national government is strong enough to do what is "right" for the nation and is insulated from the "wrong" people. Our government was derived of fifty-five wealthy men who wanted only to represent their states efficiently and derive a constitution, which takes the powers of government out of the hands of the uneducated masses and position it in the hands of the minority elite. The framers of the constitution knew that the only way our government would survive would be to give the people enough power to keep them from wanting to revolt, while actually leaving the imperative decisions to the elite who do what they think is ideologically right. Through the eleven years before the constitution, the characteristics of the men who wrote the document, the major features of the constitution, and the "compromises" show that the constitution of 1787 was elitist. It is clear that this way of governing is unjust because the three circumstances in deciding justice is equality, freedom and order. In this way of governing, only order is shown.

As our country became an independent state in 1776, the eleven years prior to the writing of the constitution was governed not by a government elite but by a capitalist system, which was based at a time of experimentation of our government and rebellion for our people. Our government started to lack authority of those it governed because the elite of our nation, the creditors, lost faith in our economy. "In a capitalist system, the health of the economy is intricately tied to the health of the creditor class." (Text, pg. 50) As our government tried to take initiative and pass two laws to help our economy, their plan backfired and inadvertently caused our economy to crash. Not only instigating our debtors to go bankrupt but also our creditor class, leaving only one option for our citizens to rebel. "Both types of laws were originally designed to relieve the economic pressures of the debtor class by allowing debt repayment to be less painful during bad economic times. The results were quite the opposite." (Text, pg. 50) Our government was not yet a government run by the elite theory and did not try to aid the elite but gave the power to the people. By inflating the economy with this new coined money, our whole class system was destroyed and therefore caused both the creditors and the farmers to go bankrupt. This then led to Shays Rebellion because the farmers felt they had the power to start a war against the elite creditors and they challenged our government by burning down courthouses. After this incident, this then awakened our government, as we recognized a need to change our new independent nation before we fell apart.

The framers of our constitution were the elite of our nation, chosen to represent their states and the creditors, not the population as a whole. "All the men at the convention were creditors who represented the conservative interests of the creditor class." "They did not represent the population at large. The delegates were all white men who ranged in age from twenty-six to eighty-one." (Text, pg. 54.) The basis to our constitution, which is the basis to our nation's laws, was contrived by a group of men who only held the interests of the elite when writing it. Because no one was representing the needs of the poor farmers, our nation is founded on what fifty-five wealthy men thought would benefit them and their states. "The men who attended were some of the most prominent economic and political figures in the Unites States." (Text, pg. 5) These elite men not only represented the power of government, but also took control of it by giving themselves the capabilities needed to pass what they thought was necessary for the well being of the nation.

Our government was based on the belief that the masses should have as little to do with government decisions as possible, while rendering them to believe they had most of the power. This belief caused the framers to allow the people to vote only for the representatives of the House and indirectly elect all other members of government. By doing so, the government took the majority of power out of the hands of the uneducated massed and placed it into the wealthy creditor class. "The delegated believed that the masses should have a very limited role in the selection of their governors; this role, if any, should be indirect. The delegates never meant for "the people" to govern either directly or indirectly in their national government." "The only constitutional officers to be "elected" by the people were the members of the House of Representatives." (Text, pg. 55) By taking the power to vote from the masses and giving it to the elite, the government is monopolizing all the government positions, except the House, which allows them to pass laws and control the nation much easier. By allowing the masses to vote for the members of the House, the people feel as if they are playing a big role in government and that their votes are being heard, which in effect, prevents them from wanting to revolt.

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Our government wanted to prevent the possibility of electing an uneducated politician to represent our government for more than a certain period of time, and preventing a huge shift of power; they ensured this through the process of staggered elections. Because they had to give a minimal amount of power to the masses our government had to protect itself from the possibility of an ignorant representative. This is conducted through staggered elections because every two years there is some sort of election representing a candidate for a different field of government. By staggering the elections for the Senate for example, no state can elect two of their members in any given election and only one-third of the senate is elected every two years. This ensures that there is not a massive shift in power in any given elections. "The delegates believed that the masses should have a very limited role in the selection of their governors. (Text, pg. 55) Also, if there is a representative in a government position who the elite or the masses dislike they could prevent them from getting re-elected. This process keeps the majority of powers in the hands of the elite because they get to control not only whom the people indirectly elect but also whom they directly elect.

The framers knew that the even the elite had to be restricted at some point, if not be the people by their fellow influential, selected few, to prevent the government from shifting from a government elite to a tyranny. Therefore, you can conclude that the politicians in the government were power hungry. Separation of powers and checks and balances are two factions. The first step in forming a new government was keeping the powers of government out of the hands of the masses and into the hands of the elite. The second step was making sure even the elite did not get out of control with all of their newfound power. "The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny." (Text, pg. 6) A system of separation of powers was noted to prevent "any one branch from dominating another and becoming too powerful." (Reader, pg. 6) By giving each branch of government a check over the other two, a balance is created throughout the government giving the people a sense of relief that the government would not abuse their powers while it is leaving the major decisions regarding government within the hands of the elite.

A constitution is the supreme law of the land. Because the people of the states believed that the states did not have enough power, this caused them to want a federalist system that would allow central authority, the government, and state governments to join in decisions, which would allow the masses to be heard. The court case Brown vs. Board of Education was a defining decision in federalism. "It placed the responsibility for the social and political construct of race in America squarely in the hands of the national government." (Text, pg. 77) This proves the very belief that the framers wanted to put power in the hands of the government and not in the hands of the masses. "In a federal system, the constitution is the source of political power. It establishes the parameters of power for the various governing units. The United States Constitution stipulates that power will be shared by the national and state governments." (Text, pg. 77) By giving both the national and state governments more power both the masses and the elitists have power and that's what the framers did not want. They wanted the elitists to have all the power and the masses to have less say in the government that's why the elitists didn't want a federal system.

The framers of the constitution wanted the powers of the government to be within the hands of the elite; although, they had to make it possible for the constitution to be ratified if necessary. The framers did not want the states or the government to change what they had worked so hard to create so they formed a two-step process with super majority requirements, which one must go through to ratify the constitution. "Although these procedures made it possible to change the constitution, they clearly do not make it easy." (Text, pg. 7) The two-step process involves the Senate, the House and the State Legislature, as the amendment must first be proposed with a two-thirds House and Senate approval and then a three-fourths State Legislatures approval. The framers also made this process an elitist method by giving Congress, not the House, the power to choose which of the two processes they use.

One of the most controversial issues of the convention was based on the North and South disagreeing on the subject of slaves. It was a disagreement of authority as to how many representatives they were about to have and how much tax they had to pay. The Northern and Southern states were separated on how much they believed slaves were necessary. The southern states found them to be a crucial influence on their ability to produce goods, as they needed the cheap work force, while the northern states did not need them and did not want to have to patrol their states looking for escaped slaves. "Northern states were more inclined to limit its practice with the idea that the institution would in time be abolished. Southern states, however, considered it vital to their economic and political interests and were willing to dissolve the union rather than abolish slavery." (Text, pg. 60) "The economic discussion revolved around three important issues representation, taxation and the competitive vs. non-competitive labor market." (Text, pg. 61) The framers decided to "compromise" by counting slaves as three-fifths of a person to give both states equality in what slaves counted as in taxes and representation. With this compromise, the elitist theory was being portrayed as the government was able to be the authorities in deciding how many slaves were counted as, and were able to reduce the worth of slaved and take away their rights as people because they were believed to be ignorant.

The ownership of property was conceived as a loyalty to one's nation, and therefore without ownership of land, one could not be allowed to vote. When deciding who should be eligible to vote, Madison stated that if you own property, then you have a stake in the country so you should be allowed to vote. "Many states initially imposed property requirements that established a pattern of class voting that continues in our political process today." (Text, pg. 56) If you do not own property there is nothing stopping you from wanting to destroy the nation. This belief was the elite's reasoning behind trying to get the poor who could not afford property from voting and having a stake in government. This elitist belief prevented all women and slaves from even being eligible, and went on to prevent the poor white men from voting as well. This allowed only somewhat half-decent men to even be able to vote for who gets elected in the House.

The Bill of Rights also shows the elitism of the original constitution. "As Jefferson put it, inference was not enough. A promise that the first order of business for the new Congress would be to amend the constitution to include the liberties of the citizens had to be made to insure the ratification of the document by the required nine states." (Text, pg. 67) The Federalists might never have obtained ratification in several important states if they had not promised to support amendments to the Constitution. These amendments were written to protect individual liberties against possible unjust rule by the national government. The Bill of Rights was an addition to the constitution to insure the rights of individuals.

What the framers of the constitution did in Philadelphia when writing the constitution in 1787, was unjust in creating a government that gives them the authority to have power and rule over its citizens. Circumstances on deciding justice consist of freedom, equality and order. The only thing the constitution did propose was order. It offered order at the value of equality and freedom. The framers restrained equality and freedom from those who did not consist of the elitists. The framers wanted to keep power for themselves. Like Madison said, "it is human nature to be ambitious and power hungry, especially so when the human is a politician. (Reader, pg. ) The fifty-five framers were only thinking for their own best interest and what suited them and their well being. They wanted to have all the power in the government, with the citizens having no say in what the constitution nor government would consist of. The citizens had no equality because the people were based on how much property they owned or what color skin they had. They also definitely did not have any freedom, simply because they had no say in the government. The framers did not want the citizens to have any say and wanted the people to be indirect with the government. The elitists were so power hungry that too much power was not enough for them. "Although the delegates were in Philadelphia to create a stronger nation government there was a great concern among them that concentration of power will be to unlimited government." (Text, pg. 55) I believe that they were unjust in not representing the needs of the masses when sending representatives to form the constitution, which is the foundation to this nation, we live in today.

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Abortion isnt murder its a mass of cells

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Abortion is the intentional ending of a pregnancy before birth, and is morally wrong because it is the murder of a separate and innocent life through cruel and inhumane circumstances. There are many reasons for abortion but none of them is a viable excuse to kill a living being which God loves and has created. There are many different ways in which an abortion may be performed including suction, partial birth, and saline injection. None of these can be considered humane, acceptable or morally right because the child is indeed a living being, can feel pain, and has the right to live.

The main arguments for pro-choice are that the women should have the right to choose, that a fetus is not a real human, abortion does not cause harm, and that every child should be a wanted child. This viewpoint believes that women should have the choice to have an abortion because it is her body in question, and that a fetus is a mere extension of her body cells. They validate their opinions that it is not a real life because a fetus cannot reason or feel pain. The other main point is that they should not bring children into this world that are not wanted by their natural parents. These appear to be very valid points, but with proper knowledge of the conditions surrounding abortion and a developing baby, it is evident that abortion is morally wrong.

"For you created my innermost being; you knit me together in my mothers womb." "I know that I was not hidden from you when I was made in the secret place. When I was woven together in the depths of the earth, your eyes saw my unformed body. All they days ordained for me were written in your book before one of them came to be." (Psalm 11-16, NIV) Abortion is morally wrong because God knows each one of us and created us all specially. He created our genetic code, which is in us from the moment of conception. To abort one of God's children is to say that we reject this wonderful gift he has given us. Each child, whether in the womb or in the cradle is loved and wanted by God. We were all put on this earth for a reason, and God has formed our life plan before we were even born. This acknowledges that we are humans and living while still in the womb and we are meant to have a place in the world. What if the fetus you aborted was meant to grow up and discover the cure for cancer? God meant for that life to be there. On judgment day will you stand before God and tell Him, "I'm sorry that I aborted your cure for cancer, but I'm sure it was just cells, and besides it was in my way?" Nothing is in God's way. This is one reason that abortion is morally wrong, is because God loves us and knows each one of us.

Another major argument for abortion is that the fetus is only a mass of cells. Did you know that a baby up until age one month is classified as a neonate? Since it is not called a baby, if it were to be killed does this mean it is not murder? Calling a child a fetus does not change the facts. The baby's heart is beating by twenty- five days, and brainwaves have been recorded at thirty-five to forty days. At eight weeks, the tiny baby has eyelids, hands and moving feet. In addition she will have working ears and a full nervous system and you can even see the tiny lines forming in her hands. By this time the baby is also able to squint, swallow, make a fist, kick and suck his thumb. The fetus also has it's own fingerprints and is sensitive to heat, touch, light and noise. This baby could fit into the palm of your hand and would look just like a miniature newborn. Yet we choose to say that it is not a human being. Realistically, by the time a woman realizes that she is pregnant, her baby can already to respond to pain and has working body systems. An article from Focus on the Family illustrates the idea that a fetus is a baby. At twenty-one weeks (almost five months), baby Samuel needed to be operated on in the womb because of a severe case of Spina Bifida. As the doctor was preparing to close the uterus after surgery, Samuel's hand slipped out and a picture was snapped with Samuel's tiny hand holding onto Dr. Brumer. Samuel, although still at an age where he could be legally aborted, was very much a real baby. (Vinley) Some say that a fetus is not a life because it cannot think logically. This is untrue. During an abortion it has been documented that the fetus will shy away from the instruments. This shows rational thinking because he realizes the danger and fears for his survival. The facts plainly show that abortion is morally wrong, because a baby in the womb is indeed a living human, who can think and react as well as feel pain.

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